Essay on Narration and Perspective in Pramoedyas Inem

Narration and Perspective in Pramoedyas Inem Tradition represents an integral component of ones cultural identity, and this is especially so in this rapidly changing world which we live in, where the boundaries between different cultures are increasingly being blurred and distorted by the process of globalisation. While traditions do define the beliefs, practices and collective experiences of a people, the continued existence of certain socio-cultural institutions in which discriminatory and repressive measures still persist cannot be condoned. It is this very dimension that Pramoedya addresses in his short story, Inem: The narrators reminiscences of his childhood perform a serious social commentary and incisive social critique†¦show more content†¦While the comment that She was polite, unspoiled, deft and hardworking - qualities which quickly spread her fame even into other neighbourhoods as a girl who would make a good daughter-in-law (Pramoedya 139) in the expository paragraph does not exactly constitute an instance of prolepsis (a glimpse into future developments in the story), it anticipates the inevitable course that the story takes, and establishes where such a societys priorities lie, as well as what the narrator ultimately focuses on - the (unjust) power relationships between men and women/parents and children. In addition, as one negotiates through the narrative, it is difficult not to help experiencing an impending sense of disaster, which accentuates the idea communicated to the reader that something is inherently and fundamentally wrong with practices such as child marriage; for the narrators memories of Inem do not manifest themselves in a haphazard, discordant fashion, instead, this is effected through the lineal development of the plot that moves inexorably towards the tragic denouement of Inems story. Of course, this narrative not only becomes effective through its structural attributes, but also crucially through the considerable degree of verisimilitude it displays. After the initial innocent exchange about marriage between the narrator as a child and the young Inem that sets the tone for the rest of the narrative, we are rapidly presented and drawn

Our countries good Free Essays

After feedback from our mock exam we identified how the whole piece lacked intensity but in other points had too much and became too loud without any real reason for it and at some points felt very scripted and UN-natural, this was having an Impact on the audiences experience and making it difficult to understand the story line as so much was going on. Since our mock we as a group, stripped back and taken a lot of the unnecessary content out of scene two and four as they were too long and came confusing and have been using Clack’s card technique to Intensify the piece at points and make the piece calmer In other pieces to show the Intimacy and motherly bond formed between the two hostages In order to highlight our theme to show how the Imprisoned form trust groups and friendships to stay alive’. To reduce the risk of fire in the bungalow we are making sure that there is an adequate evacuation pathway: there will be no tripping hazards in the corridor to enable us to move our audience and performers around safely. We will write a custom essay sample on Our countries good or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is a mirror fire risk from our candles but we will have two buckets of water to hand in case of problems. As performers working under stress we are in danger of straining muscles and vocal chords. We will use physical warm-ups to make sure our muscles are relaxed and diaphragmatic breathing to make sure we don’t damage our vocal chords. During the lift we ensure that manual handling principles are followed by bending our knees and lowering centre of gravity. How to cite Our countries good, Papers

Sex and the City Feminist Fake Essay Example For Students

Sex and the City: Feminist Fake? Essay Carrie: Are we simply romantically challenged, or are we sluts? (2:3) The previous statement, by the infamous Carrie Bradshaw, summarizes the portrayal of women, specifically Carrie Bradshaw herself and Samantha Jones, in Sex and the City. The situations given to the two different women, between the other two characters, deter from the edge of chauvinist and feminist. When viewers are posed with the question of what comes to mind when the words Sex and the City are mentioned, a typical response is sex, fashion, men, and feminism. The unusual mix of contradicting words conjure a scary thought the nouveau, independent woman must be outspoken, almost in a vulgarity of the sense, in matters of fashion, relationships, the workplace, and even in sex. The former statement might be somewhat frightening to the average young woman, but it gets worse; these women on Sex and the City are also haphazardly balancing the aspects of their lives fairly reasonably. Although we all want to feel sexy and we have accepted our nature as condom-carrying, desire machines, the crude nature in which the latter is displayed and exhibited in Sex and the City is rather repulsive, if not insulting to the modern woman (Frank 233). Thus, Sex and the City often portrays a false sense of feminism. To dive further into the world of Sex and the City and understand the unrealistic balancing act of the pseudo feminist world, each character must be broken down and analyzed. The stereotypical aspects of women, especially single, independent ones, are portrayed between the different characters. Carrie Bradshaw is the leading, omniscient character of the series. She is the core of the fashion-foursome and usually the character viewers most likely will associate with themselves. She writes a column in the local New York newspaper pertaining to dating, relationships, and sex; thus, her ad slogan is Carrie Bradshaw knows good sex. She tangles herself, as well as her emotions, in multiple relationships. Her posse consists of three other professional bachelorettes: Samantha Jones, Charlotte York, and Miranda Hobbs. Samantha is a big time publicist who is usually worried more about her own needs rather than the men that fulfill them. Charlotte York is an art curator that is the prude of the group when the subject pertains to fashion and sex. Finally, Miranda Hobbs is the lawyer who is fiercely independent and constantly fighting against society over love. Each woman has an overwhelming sense of vulnerability one way or another, although the women are portrayed as feminist role models. Carrie Bradshaw is a seemingly modern woman in New York. She writes a newspaper column about her sexual escapades, carries on a lavish lifestyle that extends beyond her budget, and coincidently always wonders into the right place to meet a seemingly perfect man. A deeper look into her character reveals the distinct flaws of Carrie, that which are stereotypically associated with professional women. Her job, for instance, is a sex columnist. Most of the public does not bother to read her column, much less allow it to influence their lives. Her writings are, in the professional world other than fashion and sex therapists, seen as frivolous reading. She tattles around in absurdly high stilettos, even in her own apartment, and the latest fashions; as a result, her impulse spending often leaves her in debt. The trait, or lack there of, of financing is often observed as a weakness, particularly one characteristic to the female gender. Carrie instinctively brags about her spending habits when Adian, the boyfriend at the time, asks why she does not have the money to repair her apartment, yet multiple pairs of four hundred dollar shoes are currently residing in her closet. .u6cd4187389d23d96c544a41c4d53592c , .u6cd4187389d23d96c544a41c4d53592c .postImageUrl , .u6cd4187389d23d96c544a41c4d53592c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6cd4187389d23d96c544a41c4d53592c , .u6cd4187389d23d96c544a41c4d53592c:hover , .u6cd4187389d23d96c544a41c4d53592c:visited , .u6cd4187389d23d96c544a41c4d53592c:active { border:0!important; } .u6cd4187389d23d96c544a41c4d53592c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6cd4187389d23d96c544a41c4d53592c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6cd4187389d23d96c544a41c4d53592c:active , .u6cd4187389d23d96c544a41c4d53592c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6cd4187389d23d96c544a41c4d53592c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6cd4187389d23d96c544a41c4d53592c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6cd4187389d23d96c544a41c4d53592c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6cd4187389d23d96c544a41c4d53592c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6cd4187389d23d96c544a41c4d53592c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6cd4187389d23d96c544a41c4d53592c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6cd4187389d23d96c544a41c4d53592c .u6cd4187389d23d96c544a41c4d53592c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6cd4187389d23d96c544a41c4d53592c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Schindler’S List Essay Research PaperShe states, I like my money right where I can see it: hanging in my closet (5. 1). This shameless characteristic is not one of the advocates of feminism would like to display. She also seems to conjure her relationships with the various men in her life as the epitome of her being. Her job, conversations, and motives all revolve around either a past, present, or future relationship. One of her many relationship quotes is Carrie: Maybe all men are a drug. Sometimes they bring you down and sometimes, like now, they get you so high (1.3). Her emotions are literally put onto a platter and served to the entire city of New York. Her faults, shames, hookups, and breakups are displayed for the entertainment of her readers. Thus, the media is mocking Carrie in the sense that it is using her emotional being for entertainment. Her friends including the most intense, Samantha, often foster her vices. Samantha exudes sexuality and indulgence as her main characteristics. Out of the four, she is always clothed appropriately to her persona scantily clad and suggestive. She often uses her sexuality to lubricate her work tasks and is described as bringing sexual confidence and power to all women (Hagenrater). The feminism can be used to describe the latter of the two characteristics, but the first is looked down upon, especially in the reality of being seen as a respectable equal in the professional world. Furthermore, when the viewer brings Samanthas actions into reality, along with her peers opinions of her actions, the notion that she is looked down upon perverts any former feminist ideals. She is impenetrable emotionally, although physically is a different story. Many responses from her friends reflect a sense of disapproval and shame, as if to compensate for her own lack of character. Charlotte, when describing Samantha to Wesley, You dont know Samantha. I do. She has so many notches on her bedpost its practically whittled down to a toothpick (2:3). Not very many women would find this statement, nonetheless made by a friend, to be flattering. Charlotte, the friend whom the statement came from, is the opposing character to Samanthas character. Although Charlotte may be perceived as respectable in a proper manner, her friends perceive her as too emotional and pleasing. Feminism is cultivated throughout social classes and races, but never has an independent woman been portrayed as tasteless as the character of the powerful Samantha Jones. Perhaps the most effective scene in the entire series is in the episode Critical Condition (5:6). The untraditional Samantha is babysitting Brady, Miranda Hobbs baby boy. Samantha is at her wits end after Bradys vibrating chair stops working, and he is resumed crying. She improvises by placing her newly bought vibrator behind the chair to appease Brady. When Miranda returns and sees what Samantha has done, she does not cringe; rather, Miranda simply inquires if the vibrator was clean or not. This modern merge of maternal and sexual is the opposite of liberating -it confirms the fact that the modern woman is seen as transparent and vulgar about her whims and needs (Hagenrater). The pseudo feministic attributes seem to ooze from each scenario and character flaw in Sex and the City. Critic Stacey DErasmo writes, he new single-girl pathos seems more like a plea to be un-liberated and fast. These characters really do just want to get married; they just dont want to look so nai ve about doing it (Akass 8). The characters hate men but are still looking for Mr. Right; they enjoy sex but wonder if they are sluts. All of the women end the series with an ideal relationship. Miranda marries the father of her child and even compromises her Manhattan girl morals by moving into a house in the Bronx. The portrayl of women in Sex and the City appear to be innocent situations of feminism and the modern women. With a deeper look, one can reason that the series actually presents feminism in a vulgar and desperate manner.

The Necklace Essays - The Necklace, Necklace, Elizabeth IIs Jewels

The Necklace The Necklace The theme of Guy de Maupassant story The Necklace seems to be suggested by the line, What would have happened if Mathilde had not lost the necklace?. Mathilde Loisel grew up in poverty and had no expectations in life. When she got married, her and her husband would sit around the dinner table and imagine they were eating a luxurious meal. They would imagine using shiny silverware and eating their meal on marvelous plates. Together, they had nothing. Mathilde had no clothes, no jewels, and only one friend. One day her husband came home from work and handed her an invitation they had received to attend a ball. Her husband thought that she would be enthusiastic about it, however she busted out in tears. She wanted to attend, yet she had no dress to wear. After digging in to money they had been trying to saved, Mathilde purchased a dress for the ball. As the ball drew near, Mathilde decided she still needed something more to finish off the dress they had just spent so much money on. The next day, Mathilde visited her only friend to see if she could barrow some of her jewelry for the evening of the ball. After about an hour of deliberating with her friend about what to jewelry to wear, Mathilde found it. Under all the other pieces of jewelry lied a diamond necklace. Mathilde was ecstatic. Never before had she seen such a beautiful piece of jewelry. She decided this was what she was going to wear. The entire way home she dazzled the necklace. She knew that she would stand out in the crowd at the ball. The night of the ball came and Mithilde looked great. Her and her husband showed up at the ball and everyone was amazed at how good Mithilde appeared. Mithilde was not used to all the attention she received that evening, after all she just a poor young lady. The evening ended and everyone went home. Mithilde decided that one last time she would look at herself in the mirror before getting out of the clothes. When she did, she noticed the necklace in which she admired so much was gone. Weeks went by and no trace of the necklace showed up. Mithilde and her husband had to borrow thirty-six thousand francs from people they knew to buy another just like it. Mithilde put the new necklace in a box and gave it to her friend. Her friend never looked in the box, so she did not know the necklace was not the same she let Mithilde borrow. Mithilde and her husband were deeply in debt. For ten years they worked day in and day out until finally the debt was paid off. Mithilde looked as if she was a very old lady, however she was not. One day Mithilde was walking in a park and stumbled across a lady walking with a child. When she took a second glance at the lady, she noticed it was her friend, in which so long ago let her borrow the diamond necklace. When she approached the long time friend, the lady did not even recognize who it was. After moments of conversing, Mithilde decided to tell her friend of the incident that happened so long ago concerning the necklace. Her friend was appalled to hear of it and told Mithilde that the necklace that she let her borrow was only paste. It was only worth at most five hundred francs. No one really knows what would have happened if Mithilde would have been honest with her friend to begin with and told her about the problem. All the ten years that Mithilde and her husband spent working to pay back for the necklace, they could have been using that money to better themselves. The point the author was trying to get to the reader was that you should be honest. If you are not, then you may have a harder problem on your hands in the end. In Mithildes case, she did not want to tell her friend of losing the necklace in fear that her friend would betray her. Her consequence for not telling her friend was working everyday for ten years. Honesty in the present

Crime misc0 essays

Crime misc0 essays From the beginning of time, crime has been evident in human existence, and from the first crime there has always been a punishment. And it came to pass, when they were in a field, that Cain rose up against his brother, Able, and slew him (Genesis 4:8). This for many people was seen as the first crime. This crime did not go unpunished. Cain was then ostracized from his colony and sent to wonder as a vagabond and a fugitive for his crime (Genesis 4:14). He was also branded with the mark of a murderer. Therefore, the presence of crime in human life is inevitable. Defined in Websters Dictionary, crime is, an act of violation against society and its laws. Punishment is the consequence of the crime. Crimes like fraud, burglary, assault, etc., are usually punished by prison terms. Murder, manslaughter, and homicide maybe punished by prison terms or death. Electrocution-the three legged oak chair was constructed in 1923 by inmates and is still used today. (ironic isnt it?) The electrocution cycle is two minutes or shorter in duration. Voltage and amperage levels peak on three occasions. Maximum current is 2000 volts and 14 amps. The executioner is an anonymous, private citizen who is paid $150 per execution. The position of executioner was advertised in several Florida newspapers in 1978. Lethal Injection-execution by lethal injection involves the continuous intravenous injection of a lethal quantity of a short-acting barbiturate in combination with a chemical paralytic agent. A number of doctors have pointed out that drugs may not work effectively on diabetics or former drug users, whose veins may be hard to reach. In some cases minor surgery may be required to cut in to a deeper vein, according to medical testimony. More states use this form of execution than all US states. Gas Chamber-prisoner is restrained in a hermetically sealed steel chamber below which is a pan. Upon a signal, the...

If you dont pee in your pants or throw up, youre not running fast enough.

If you dont pee in your pants or throw up, youre not running fast enough. On a call with my transformational growth group last week, one of the participants shared her high school running coachs words to the team: If you dont pee in your pants or throw up, youre not running fast enough. I immediately recalled a recent yoga class that I attended, where at the peak of the practice in a hot room I attempted- and came close to achieving- a difficult arm balance pose. I felt a wave of nausea come over me and knew I was venturing into new territory. Then I thought about last summer at the outdoor pool, when I watched a kid on the swim team barf by the fence and then hop right back into the pool. Other images, like early contestants on The Biggest Loser losing their cookies repeatedly, also came to mind. Similar physical reactions can result from experiencing strong emotional reactions. I have seen people vomit while doing emotional work; and I certainly know the feeling of queasiness that can come from touching deep emotional fear and pain, or from taking a risk in interpersonal communication. Sometimes simply the thought of doing something new or different for my business makes me want to throw up. What all these triggers have in common is that they arise when people are pushing past their comfort zone- which, by definition, is not comfortable! But this doesn’t mean that the activity or work is something to be avoided. If there’s anything new you want in your life, whether a physical result or an emotional transformation, you will experience discomfort on the way to achieving it. Is there somewhere in your life where you are jogging along, letting yourself get comfortable and staying there?  What would it look like to push past your comfort zone?  Are you willing to experience fear, nausea, or even peeing in your pants to get the result you want? Im choosing to take that feeling of nausea and/or fear as an indication that Im pushing my life in ways I want to push it. It means Im digging deeper. The payoff is stronger muscles, stronger relationships, and a stronger business. If you want to stretch more than you’re stretching in your life and work, and feel like you don’t have the tools or courage to do it, I recommend the training I’ve been taking part in for the past 2 years. See www.transformweekendtraining.com. The next weekend introductory workshop is March 13-15 in Chicago and you can register for free using code TTCOMP. I will be there and would love to meet you!

What you think about tattoos and piercings Essay

What you think about tattoos and piercings - Essay Example There are different reasons why I consider tattoos and piercings as undesirable. First, these are costly. In order to get yourself tattoos and piercings from qualified professionals, it will cost a considerable amount of money. If there are other more important things to do with one’s money, an individual would reconsider spending money on getting a tattoo or body piercing. Tattoos are also undesirable since they are permanent. When one gets the first tattoo or body piercing, they will be motivated to get some more. This has resulted to some people having their bodies covered by tattoos. Since these are permanent, removing them is quite challenging. If one wants them to be removed, he or she will equally spend more money paying specialists to remove the tattoos. Furthermore, tattoos and piercings are painful. This is mainly during the process of tattooing and piercing. No one wants to feel pain. Therefore, I do not consider the pain of getting a tattoo or piercing to be worthwhile. Equally, the process of removing a tattoo is also more painful. Finally, tattoos and piercings might expose an individual to the risk of diseases, such as HIV/AIDS. However, this depends on who performed the tattooing and where it was performed. This is because; needles or sharp instruments are used on an individual during piercing and tattooing. Therefore, failure to clean and sterilize needles, might lead to the infection with diseases such as HIV/AIDS. Nonetheless, each person has their likes and dislikes; and this is to some extent influenced by their culture. Therefore, even though I dislike tattoos and piercings, I understand and appreciate those people that adore them, hence this is not a major issue to

The Issue of Population Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Issue of Population Growth - Essay Example There is only so much room left on the planet where humans can expand as well as use to grow food. The aspect of supply and demand is always in motion as producers try to keep up with the increasing demands associated with large populations. In particular, corn is one of the most commonly used and exported crops that are used around the world. Not only is corn used as a food supply for both humans and for livestock, but also it is also valued for its use in ethanol. This adds to an increase in the supply and demand, which is becoming detrimental to society as society uses resources more quickly than they can be replaced by both nature and society (Lehmijoki and Palokangas). As a result of becoming a more developed society, there are also consequences happening in the physical world. One of the first aspects in which the world started feeling the consequences of human expansion began with the breakdown of the ozone layer due to the use of CFCs, chlorofluorocarbons. Since then, many more toxic fumes have been dumped into the atmosphere messing with the equilibrium that has been maintained in our atmosphere. In addition, the world needs the energy to run. Society has been consumed with obtaining natural resources that are not quickly renewable such as oil and gas. This has resulted in accidents such as the Exxon Valdez and the Deep Horizons incident that occurred in the Gulf of Mexico (Hall and John). Strip mining, especially in Africa, leaves the landscape scarred by mining for coal and other precious metals. Lakes and rivers are being harnessed for hydroelectric power, however, these freshwater resources are drying up due to overuse, which then affects c rops and living areas leading to desertification.

Shaft Essay Example for Free

Shaft Essay The Lathe Turning is one of the most common of metal cutting operations. In turning, a workpiece is rotated about its axis as single-point cutting tools are fed into it, shearing away unwanted material and creating the desired part. Turning can occur on both external and internal surfaces to produce an axially-symmetrical contoured part. Parts ranging from pocket watch components to large diameter marine propeller shafts can be turned on a lathe. The capacity of a lathe is expressed in two imensions. The maximum part diameter, or swing, and the maximum part length, or distance between centers. The primary task of a lathe is to generate cylindrical workpieces. The process of machining a workpiece to the required shape and size by moving the cutting tool either parallel or perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the workpiece is known as turning. In this process, excess unwanted metal is removed. The machine tool useful in performing plain turning, taper turning, thread cutting, chamfering and knurling by adopting the above method is known as lathe. Schematic illustration of the components of a lathe Schematic illustration of a turning operation showing depth of cut, d, and feed, f. utting speed is the surface speed of the workpiece at the tool tip. (b) Forces acting on a cutting tool in turning. Fc is the cutting force; Ft is the thrust or feed force (in the direction ot teed); and Fr is the radial torce that tends to push the tool away trom the workpiece being machined. Manufacturing processes used during the making of the power shaft: Turning Turning in a lathe is to rem ove excess material from the workpiece to produce a ylindrical surface of required shape and size. Straight turning The work is turned straight when it is made to rotate about the lathe axis and the tool is fed parallel to the lathe axis. The straight turning produces a cylindrical surface by removing excess metal from the workpieces. Step turning Step turning is the process of turning different surfaces having different diameters. The work is held between centres and the tool is moved parallel to the axis of the lathe. It is also called shoulder turning. Facing Facing is the operation of machining the ends of a piece of work to produce flat urface square with the axis. The operation involves feeding the tool perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the work. Chamfering Chamfering is the operation of bevelling the extreme end of the workpiece. The form tool used for taper turning may be used for this purpose. Chamfering is an essential operation after thread cutting so that the nut may pass freely on the threaded workpiece. Grooving Grooving is the process of cutting a narrow goove on the cylindrical surface of the workpiece. It is often done at end of a thread or adjacent to a shoulder to leave a mall margin. The groove may be square, radial or bevelled in shape. Thread cutting Thread cutting is one of the most important operations performed in a lathe. The process of thread cutting is to produce a helical groove on a cylindrical surface by feeding the tool longitudinally. But we did it manually using a die. Filling Filing is a final material removal process in manufacturing.

Duels :: Essays Papers

Duels "This is the excellence of Court: take away the ladies, duels and the ballets and I would not want to live there." - A. d'Aubigne, Baron de Foeneste, Il, 17 Duels and the act of dueling is something that has characterized not only the imagination of historians and modern warfare enthusiasts, but also the minds of writers and readers of literature for years. The numerous literary variations on the theme of dueling are enough of an indication of its importance, and the fascination with the act continues to increase. However, dueling is more than a literary climax or a plot twist; duels have been being fought for centuries and are actually derivatives of many medieval practices. The word duel has several predecessors, depending on which history is being referenced. The most common form of the word is derived from the German word Duell, which is a derivative of the Latin word duellum. Duellum is a combination of the Latin words bellum and duo, which connotes a war between two. This simple definition seems to be the most common and the most recognizable. Historian Francois Billacois states that a duel is "a fight between two or several individuals (but always with equal numbers on either side), equally armed, for the purpose of proving either the truth of a disputed question or the valour, courage and honour of each combatant (Billacois, 5)." Historian Ute Frevert concurs, but points out that duels, especially in the modern era, were "no mock fights, but serious passages at arms in which the opponents risked their lives and which could result in serious injury, or even death (Frevert, 11)." Most contemporary historians believe that the modern version of the duel developed out of three medieval institutions: the feud, the judicial duel and the knightly tournament. The belief that dueling was derived from these three events is often referred to as the continuity theory. Feuds in the medieval period occurred when people attempted to settle disputes and exact revenge for insults through "private vengeance," rather than by going to the authorities and entrudting them to settle the matter. Judicial duels, on the other hand, were official acts, during which both parties (the plaintiff and the defendant) fought their grievances out on the battle field with swords in front of a judge.

Culture is learned

Which country has the richest culture? You can't quantify richness of culture. No one is better than the others, in my opinion, every culture has their own uniqueness. Culture is learned I would say any culture or sub-culture is learned. It's environmental. Every culture is learned by the people who live It. Even people born Into a culture learn the culture as they grow and mature. I think almost everything is cultured and everyone is cultured.For instance, we were born as babies, we had not learned anything yet, but we were able to cry, and express our feelings In certain ways. There was no culture Involve until we learned and observed from our parents or others how to do things to follow our custom rules, and so forth. How culture Is developed? By formulating rules, norms and beliefs. Culture Shock Culture Shock Is a term used to describe the anxiety produced when a person moves to a completely new environment. Usually, the way that we lived before is not accepted or considered nor mal in the new country.Everything is different, for example, not speaking the language, not knowing how to use simple everyday Items such as banking machines or knowing how to take a bus. Week 6 reflection How many people must to perform his/her duty In the society In order for you to sit In the classroom right now? That's too many people that I couldn't even count it out. I think every citizen is related and It's all somehow connected. It's a human society CHAIN. Parents pay tuition fee for me to study In university.But their salary comes from the revenue of their business. The revenue comes from the purchase of the consumers, etc. School gets paid in order to run the system well, and it also needs professor and administrators to take care of. So I thank every person in this society. I do believe people present themselves in different ways in different situations with different people. It's all about impression management. That's what you really should Humans have developed the abi lity to quickly decide whether a new person will hurt or enrich us.Just three seconds are sufficient to make a conclusion about fresh acquaintances, so I think impression management is really important to everyone. Social exchange models assume that rewards and costs drive relationship decisions. Both parties in a social exchange take responsibility for one another and depend on each other. Worth = Rewards – Costs If worth is a positive number, it is a positive relationship. On the contrary, a negative number indicates a negative relationship. The worth of a relationship influences its outcome, or whether people will continue with a relationship or terminate it.

Online MBA Degree University of Phoenix

When more income is earned the demand for goods will shift to the right as more goods and higher levels of goods are demanded across the board. The budget line follows the law of demand as it shifts to the right showing an Increase In the quantity demanded of Items. This should not be confused with movement along the curve which Is caused by a change in price of a specific good. The purpose of a market system To allow government to control what is sold. To set constraints between buyers and sellers. To bring buyers and sellers Into contact * d.To allow an organization to set prices In relation to their products. Rejoinder: In the market system an exchange of money for goods and or services takes place. A true market system sets the price through barter where the goods and services sell for the best price offered by the buyers creating equilibrium. For this exchange to take place the market serves as a meeting place for buyers and sellers. If the organization sets its prices there may not be market equilibrium and that can result in either a shortage or a surplus.By specializing In the production of one good a company Is able to benefit from economies of scale which Increases their revenues. Attributes of specialization Include Reducing costs by creating a surplus. Saving time by allowing a worker to focus on one task* Encouraging workers to learn new skills. Encouraging workers to learn a number of different skills. Rejoinder: Specialization occurs when a firm is able to use the resources available to it to produce one product or family of products rather than trying to produce multiple goods and spreading the firm's resources In many directions.By focusing or concentrating on one task workers can achieve a higher level of training in that skill and become more productive. Firms always strive to produce only the amount of reduce they can sell to maximize their profits. The market system promotes progress by a, Creating incentive to continue to do things In the same way b. Restricting the amount of capital directed to specific goods. C. Slowly adjusting to changes In the In ten prices AT resources. A Provoking Incentive Tort technological advances.Rejoinder: Because firms are competing for consumers' dollars they always want to have the newest and latest product available which will be the most advanced in their category and appeal to consumers as new purchases. This provides incentive to stay ahead of the competition in developing new technology. If a firm continues without advancing its product the competition that do advance will attract their customers which is why firms dedicate resources to research and development.Revenue increases when producer surplus increase* producer surplus decreases consumer surplus increases consumer surplus decreases. Rejoinder: Producer surplus is the difference between the minimum price the producer is willing to receive and what they actually receive. The surplus is their profit and the larger the surplu s the greater their profit on the good. When it decreases they are receiving a price closer to their minimum acceptable. The consumer surplus measures what the consumer is willing to pay and its difference from the market price.The closer to the market price the higher the consumer surplus because they are spending less than they are willing to and the less spent the lower the revenue will be for the good. An increase in the price of an inelastic good will decrease revenues decrease the percentage change in quantity less than the percentage change in price increase revenues* increase the percentage change in quantity more than the percentage change in price Rejoinder: Inelastic goods are necessities that consumers will continue to arches even when price increases.This increases the revenue as more is paid for each good. The percentage change In price increases faster than the change in quantity which may remain constant. When we pay more for a good or service revenue will increase. Objective 1. 2: Explain market equilibrating process Productive efficiency is when the most valued combination of resources is used. The best technology is used. * when production occurs at a fair cost per unit. Fewer resources are left for production of other goods.Rejoinder: Efficiency is when we get the most out of the resources that are used to produce a good. This means having the newest and unsurpassed technology to produce the least waste and the lowest cost. Unused resources due to the new technology can then be allocated to the production of other goods. The market is said to be in equilibrium when there is potential for a shortage but not a surplus there is potential for a surplus but not a shortage. Neither a shortage nor a surplus exists* the quantity sold equals the quantity purchased. Appliers are asking for a product. It is the market price where the two come together and all the goods produced are sold without leaving anyone demanding additional units of that good. T he market will move too higher equilibrium price if the decrease in supply is greater than the decrease in demand* the increase in supply is greater than the increase in demand. The decrease in demand is greater than the decrease in supply. The increase in demand is greater than the increase in supply. Rejoinder: Price serves as a rationing tool for the demand of goods.If the price is too high fewer of the good are demanded and if it is too low more of the good is demanded than is available. The market seeks a price where the demand for goods will equal the supply of goods. When supply decreases the price will ration the good y increasing till there is no excess demand for the good or shortage of the good. The intersection of supply and demand will be at a lower equilibrium price but a higher equilibrium quantity if supply is constant and demand increases. F supply is constant and demand decreases if demand is constant and supply decreases. If demand is constant and supply increases * Rejoinder: Supply and demand intersect at the equilibrium price. The demand curve is a straight line measuring the quantity demanded at different price levels. When supply increases the supply curve shifts to the right and more of the good is available. Since the demand curve remains constant the supply curve will intersect at a lower point indicating the increase in quantity.When a price ceiling occurs the market price will be lower than the equilibrium price * the market price will be higher than the equilibrium price. The supply will exceed the demand buyers will not be willing to pay more than the ceiling price. Rejoinder: A price ceiling is the maximum price that can be charged for a good or service. It is imposed below the equilibrium price to allow those who would otherwise not be able to afford the good to purchase it. Placing it above the equilibrium price would make it ineffective ND unnecessary as the market price would then prevail.Income elasticity increases when the number of complementary goods decreases when the number of substitute goods decreases when buyers' income decreases* when buyers' income increases Rejoinder: Income elasticity measures the percentage change of the quantity demand to the percentage change in a consumer's income. If the consumer's income changes disproportionably to prices it affects the demand for goods. If income decreases and the price of goods stay the same then fewer goods are affordable and more goods become elastic as they are no longer a necessity or must have to the buyer.

buy custom Chemically Modified Foods essay

buy custom Chemically Modified Foods essay Genetic engineering is a science that involves the modification of plants and animals genetic material. This was historically practiced by farmers, but recently, it was approved as a food production technology. The manipulation of DNA and transferring it to a different organism introduces a trait of any organism to animals, virus, bacteria or plants, and the transgenic organism are programmed to produce in bulk substances such as hormones, nutrients, monoclonal antibodies, enzymes, and various pharmaceutical products such as vaccines and drugs (Uzogara, 2000). This technique is used to transform animals and plants for use as food, and this has created a controversy of whether the food is good for human consumption or not. This paper will discuss the possible effects of chemically modified foods on human health and environment. Chemically modified foods were developed to save the human race and animals from the problem of food crisis, however, according to critics of this technology; the foods produced have raised concerns, not only for the altered nutritional quality, carcinogenicity, toxicity, allergenicity and safety, but also for the effects it has on the environment (Amin Jahi, 2004). The critics highlight that the transfer techniques of genes can lead to mistakes that are beyond correction by human efforts (Uzogara, 2000). The genetic materials might not be transfer to the target cells, any transfer to the wrong cell might lead to unexpected mutation, causing infertility, toxicity or unsuitability. The potential risks associated with such an occurrence are; Alteration in the Quality of Foods When genes are transferred to the wrong cells, they might cause a change in the nutritional value of foods; the levels of certain nutrients might increase as the level of other decrease. However, there is little research on the effects of the change in the levels of food nutrients. Critics highlight that the technology of chemically modified foods changes at a greater pace that scientists are not able to predict the effects and the extent of the effects on pediatric nutrition; for this reason, they advise people to avoid feeding infants with chemically modified food products. Allergenicity from Chemically Modified Foods Critics also concerned with the effects that might be caused by the chemically modified food plants; these foods might transfer allergenic characteristics of the gene donor plant or animals to the recipient plant or animal. Moreover, the chemically modified foods use donor micro-organisms whose potential to cause allergenicity is untested or not known (Uzogara, 2000). There is a potential for new gene combination and non-food sources to cause allergic reactions or aggravate the existing ones. Toxicity The modified foods are also accused of enhancing natural plant toxins; according to the Uzogara, as the desired gene is switched on in plants, the gene might also increase the capacity of the plant to release poison. According to Uzogara (2000, p. 185), Genes for some natural toxins such as protease inhibitors in legumes, cyanogens in cassava and lima beans, goitrogens in canola species, and pressor amines in bananas and plantains, may be turned on and lead to an increase in levels of these toxins which can pose a hazard to the consumers of these crops. Resistance to Antibiotics Maker genes with antibiotic resistance are mostly used in genetic engineering; there are concerns that when antibiotic resistance genes are used in breeding food crops, they might have harsh consequences to the consumers of the breed food crops. A report from the British Medical Association highlights that when maker genes with antibiotic resistance are inserted in some crops, they transfer microbes that cause diseases in animals and people consuming the foods. This might cause antibiotic resistant microbes in the animal or human population, thereby causing antibiotic resistance among the population (Wieczorek, 2003). Environmental Concerns The human and plant populations are affected by any destruction done to the environment, and this is why the environmentalists are concerned about the effects of the genetically modified food crops. According to Amin Jahi (2004, p. 103), the environment is valued for what it can provide for humans, and we protecct it so that the resources will be there for our use and that of future generations. Genetic engineering recommends the cultivation of crops that are resistant to insects and contains herbicides, however, according to environmentalists, these crops could pollinate wild species, creating super-weeds among wild plants; this might have consequences that are yet to be known (Wieczorek, 2003). These super-weeds can affect plant yields, whose consequences include a disruption of the natural ecosystems. The weeds might be difficult to control, thus requiring expensive control programs. Also, the genetic engineers work hard to enhance plant resistance, and if they do not take precau tions, they could introduce new viruses, which might pose risks to other organisms in the environment. Benefits of Genetically Modified Foods The genetic engineers have defended these claims by saying that, foods that are manufactured through genetic engineering are subjected to rigorous testing before are made available for human consumption. Besides, these foods also have health and environmental benefits. For instance, chemically modified fruits such as tomatoes have an improved shelf-life as well as quality. AccordingWieczorek (2003, p. 2), Farmers use crop-protection technologies because they provide cost-effective solutions to pest problems which, if left uncontrolled, would severely lower yields. The production of chemically modified foods enhances milk and meat production among other foods, which helps to alleviate nutritional problems around the globe. Genetically modified foods also have environmental benefits; they come up with biological defense against stresses, viruses, herbicides, pests, weeds and diseases. Also, the genetically modified plants have been found to remove industrial waste and recycle toxic wastes. Conclusion Analyzing the debate on genetically modified foods and its effects on human and animal health, as well as the environment, more research has to be done on this issue in order to clear the doubts of consumers, and for genetic engineers to be sure of the effects and implications of genetically modified foods before releasing it for human consumption. Buy custom Chemically Modified Foods essay

Fundamental Physical Constants in Physics

Fundamental Physical Constants in Physics Physics is described in the language of mathematics, and the equations of this language make use of a wide array of physical constants. In a very real sense, the values of these physical constants define our reality. A universe in which they were different would be radically altered from the one that we actually inhabit. The constants are generally arrived at by observation, either directly (as when one measures the charge of an electron or the speed of light) or by describing a relationship that is measurable and then deriving the value of the constant (as in the case of the gravitational constant). This listing is of significant physical constants, along with some commentary on when they are used, is not at all exhaustive, but should be helpful in trying to understand how to think about these physical concepts. It should also be noted that these constants are all sometimes written in different units, so if you find another value that isnt exactly the same as this one, it may be that it has been converted into another set of units. Speed of Light Even before Albert Einstein came along, physicist James Clerk Maxwell had described the speed of light in free space in his famous Maxwells equations describing electromagnetic fields. As Albert Einstein developed his theory of relativity, the speed of light took on relevance as a constant underlying important elements of the physical structure of reality. c 2.99792458 x 108  meters per second   Charge of Electron Our modern world runs on electricity, and the electrical charge of an electron is the most fundamental unit when talking about the behavior of electricity or electromagnetism. e 1.602177 x 10-19 C Gravitational Constant The gravitational constant was developed as part of the law of gravity developed by Sir Isaac Newton. The measurement of the gravitational constant is a common experiment conducted by introductory physics students, by measuring the gravitational attraction between two objects. G 6.67259 x 10-11 N m2/kg2 Plancks Constant The physicist Max Planck began the entire field of quantum physics by explaining the solution to the ultraviolet catastrophe in exploring blackbody radiation problem. In doing so, he defined a constant that became known as Plancks constant, which continued to show up across various applications throughout the quantum physics revolution. h 6.6260755 x 10-34 J s Avogadros Number This constant is used much more actively in chemistry than in physics, but it relates the number of molecules that are contained in one mole of a substance. NA 6.022 x 1023 molecules/mol Gas Constant This is a constant that shows up in a lot of equations related to the behavior of gases, such as the Ideal Gas Law as part of the  kinetic theory of gases. R 8.314510 J/mol K Boltzmanns Constant Named after Ludwig Boltzmann, this is used to relate the energy of a particle to the temperature of a gas. It is the ratio of the gas constant R to Avogadros number NA: k   R / NA 1.38066 x 10-23  J/K Particle Masses The universe is made up of particles, and the masses of those particles also show up in a lot of different places throughout the study of physics. Though there are a lot more fundamental particles than just these three, theyre the most relevant physical constants that youll come across: Electron mass me 9.10939 x 10-31 kg   Neutron mass mn 1.67262 x 10-27 kg   Proton mass   mp 1.67492 x 10-27 kg   Permittivity of Free Space This is a physical constant that represents the ability of a classical vacuum to permit electric field lines. It is also known as epsilon naught. ÃŽ µ0 8.854 x 10-12 C2/N m2 Coulombs Constant The permittivity of free space is then used to determine Coulombs constant, which is a key feature of Coulombs equation that governs the force created by interacting electrical charges. k 1/(4πΠµ0) 8.987 x 109 N m2/C2 Permeability of Free Space This constant is similar to the permittivity of free space, but relates to the magnetic field lines permitted in a classical vacuum, and comes into play in Amperes law describing the force of magnetic fields: ÃŽ ¼0 4 Ï€ x 10-7 Wb/A m

Regression Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Regression Analysis - Research Paper Example Introduction In order to check the relationship between benefits and the intrinsic, extrinsic and total job satisfaction, 3 bivariate regressions are run. Using the regression equations the linear relationship between the independent variable (benefit) and the 3 sets of dependent variables (total job satisfaction, intrinsic job satisfaction and extrinsic job satisfaction) is established. Bivariate regression analysis shows how the explanatory power of the independent variable in determining the values of the dependent variable (Malhotra, 543). The results from the regression analysis are explained in details. ... from Excel Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.172306 R Square 0.029689 Adjusted R Square 0.001151 Standard Error 0.352328 Observations 36 ANOVA Â   df SS MS F Significance F Regression 1 0.129141 0.129141 1.040326 0.314948704 Residual 34 4.220582 0.124135 Total 35 4.349722 Â   Â   Â   Â   Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% Intercept 5.1302975 0.179009596 28.6593 2.1E-25 4.766506281 5.4940888 4.76650628 5.49408881 X Variable 1 0.0376321 0.036895473 1.01996 0.31495 -0.03734857 0.1126127 -0.0373486 0.11261267 Graph Key components of the regression analysis Dependent Variable Slope Y-intercept Equation Intrinsic 0.169682348 4.427844793 Benefits= 4.427844793 + 0.16982348*(Intrinsic) 0.16493309 Extrinsic -0.16220711 6.157338158 Benefits= 6.157338158 -0.16220711*(Extrinsic) 0.287582114 Overall 0.0376321 5.1302975 Benefits= 5.1302975 + 0.0376321*(Overall) 0.0296894 Similarities and Differences Similarity: the intercepts of all the thre e regressions are positive and significant at 5% level of significance (as the p-value for all the 3 regressions are less than 0.05) Dissimilarity: The correlation between benefits-total job satisfaction and benefits-intrinsic job satisfaction is positive (as the slope between them is positive) but the correlation between benefits-extrinsic job satisfaction is negative (as the slope between them is negative) The regression results between benefits-intrinsic job satisfaction and benefits-extrinsic job satisfaction is significant at 5% level of confidence (as the p-value for these two is less than 0.05) but the result of benefit-total job satisfaction came to be insignificant at 5% level of confidence. Correlation coefficients The strongest correlation coefficient is between benefits and intrinsic job

Paul Cezanne Les Baigneurs Grande Planche Essay

Paul Cezanne Les Baigneurs Grande Planche - Essay Example Rich people bought rich people's art, while the rest f us bought posters or nothing. The prospect f walking into a gallery and talking to the owner intimidated me, and I also took it for granted that the era was long past when someone like me could afford to buy anything worth having. What changed my mind was the Internet. In the late 90's, print dealers across the country began launching websites on which they advertised their wares, and some even posted the prices. I was already teaching myself about prints: works published in multiple copies that cost only a fraction f the price f a painting by the same artist, thus putting them within reach f art lovers f comparatively modest means. Now I began to consider the possibility f buying them. What separates a limited-edition print from a museum poster or a "framed reproduction" is that the former, unlike the latter, is largely or entirely handmade, is produced in small quantities, and is (usually) signed and numbered by the artist, who creates it with the technical assistance f printers familiar with the particular medium in which he is working. No honest collector will deny that this last feature, the signature, is part f the appeal; but to buy a mediocre lithograph simply because it is signed by Joan Mir or Marc Chagall is only a baby step up from collecting autographs. The best printmakers, from Rembrandt and Drer to Avery and Frankenthaler, have always been drawn to the medium for its own sake, and their prints are worth having not merely in lieu f a more expensive painting but because they are fully realized creations in themselves. (House 369-376) Anyone who doubts this need only look at a copy f Piazza Rotunda, a limited-edition aquatint by William Bailey that I bought directly from Crown Point Press in San Francisco, never having seen anything other than a thumbnail reproduction. It is a still life f a miscellaneous assortment f eggs and kitchenware arranged on a circular tabletop in a shallow, strangely empty room. When I opened the package and saw the piece "in the flesh" for the first time, I actually gasped, stunned by its subdued intensity and fineness f line. Unlike a poster, Piazza Rotunda has a subtly textured, three-dimensional surface, created by the impressing f the etched plate into the thick paper on which the image is printed. Even if it were unsigned, I would have wanted to own it simply because f the way it looks. In fact, that is the only good reason to buy a work f art: so that you can look at it every day, as often as you want. (McPherson 400-401) But what could I afford that I would want to look at every day Two f my well-to-do acquaintances are serious collectors, and knowing them nearly caused me to quit before I got started. To the aspiring collector f modest means, few things are more demoralizing than the spectacle f a Park Avenue living room whose contents include some twenty-odd canvases by a half-dozen important painters. I knew I would have to cut my aesthetic coat to fit my financial cloth. Once again, though, luck was with me. I had always loved American modernism in all its myriad manifestations. From F. Scott Fitzgerald and Aaron Copland to Louis Armstrong and Fred Astaire, our best artists have spoken in the crisply empirical, immediately accessible tone f voice now

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 108

Assignment Example Another objective of this kind of event is to carry out a research on dementia, in doing this there will be more voluntary participation and making knowledge dissemination easier and making translation and knowledge tools available to the entire public present in the arena. Another possible objective of this event could be to carry out a surveillance system where a possible group of a provincial or territorial partner carry out a short survey to know an approximate number of people affected by the disease. Besides, they can perform a risk reduction and a screening mechanism for dementia and hence formulating an agreed method of prevention and treatment for the targets acquired. Such kind of events also bring about the caregiver effects where through the educational talks given by the present guests, the people present can use to show more care to the people affected by dementia. Through the educational programs and the banners, the people present can be educated about this and can therefore get a different perspective of handling and even treating the affected patients. In order to create awareness of this kind of event, several measures must be taken. For instance, digitally advertising the event through the internet can help a great deal in making sure that the event reaches every individual. Most people in the 21st century have a regular access to the internet at least once a week or even more frequently, this makes the internet adverts more convenient. However, in other cases, brochures and leaflets can also be used in order to disseminate the information and make sure that the information reaches every possible ear. Besides organizing the Marathons or the semi marathons, other fun events such as sack racing and other games such as Basketball with reasonable registration fees; these could help attract more people to the fund raising and hence more funds being raised. To raise more eyebrows, in the

Marketing Research Reflection

Marketing Research Reflection Marketing Research Diary Marketing Research Seminar 1 Part One: Prepared Material 1) What is the management decision problem facingDuPont? New type of carpets (innovation) Can commercial segment be transferred to residential segment? Whether they should introduce the new collection into theresidential market. If the answer to that question is yes: How should be introduced? How will it be marketed? How will be broken down into specific decision-making areas? 2) What is the marketing research problem facing DuPont? To determine consumer preferences and purchase intentions for theproposed new product 3) Breakdown the general marketing research problem into component parts. The marketing research problemcan be broken down into the following component parts: What criteria are used by people in choosing carpets? What are the market shares of DuPont and its competitors? What is the size of the market segment interested in the newproduct? What styles of carpets are preferred by households? What is the demographic and psychological profile of the customers? How do people evaluate carpet brands in terms of the competitors and brand awareness? 4) Developone suitable research question and hypothesis for the marketing research problem. A possible research question and hypothesis related to the marketing research problem is: RQ: On what variables can the specific market segment be identified? H: It may be identified bydemographic, psychological factors Part 2: MY REFLECTIONS ON SEMINAR 1 After discussing the case study and identified the research problem components, a conclusion was reached as to the topic to be researched for the whole semester, (Litter thrownfrom cars). Issues such as consumer characteristics, behaviour, attitudes, opinions,possessions and the environmental context of the problem are factors one needsto bear in mind here. There is also a need to target specific markets, i.e.what type of consumers are we talking about here? Do the consumers realizethat there is a problem? Sub-consciously they probably do, but consciouslythey dont. Evaluating the pros and cons of the product would be useful inrealising the market potential and responsiveness from various consumersegments. Additionally,profiling of lifestyles, habits, activities of the target audience demographyand product image would need to be assessed. A system of delivering theproduct would need to meet customer satisfaction and experience. Identifyingwhere the competition is for the product would need to be carried out. I.e.areas that are not littered or are cleaned on a regular basis would have ahigher and better standard of living, while areas that do not have this, wouldsuffer the opposite. In relation to the main topic reached for research, onewould need to analyze the size of the problem, are the costs of cleaning it upaffordable per litter discarded; what are the health hazards and problemscreated by unclean litter on the streets; can people littering the streets,when they appear not to know that they are littering the streets be termed as acriminal offence; and finally, what can we do to change peoples attitudestowards this unsolved phenomenon is an issue that needs attention. Marketing Research Seminar 2: Part One: Prepared Material: 1a) Briefly, list the main advantages of secondary data. The main advantages of secondarydata are: It is accessible, relatively inexpensive and quickly obtained Some are available on topics where it would not be feasible for afirm to collect primary data It also helps to: Diagnose a sampling plan Formulate an appropriate research design Answer certain research questions and test some hypotheses Interpret primary data with more insight Validate qualitative research findings Ideas generated in secondary data can be used as a very strongfoundation to primary data design and collection It also a substantial help in theexploratory phase of the research: Understanding and defining the problem Extremely useful in defining the population and in structuringthe sample 1b) Why should the reliability of published statisticsvary over time? Measurement errors: Measurement systems might had changed How old data can be depends on what you have researching Sources might discover being biased Geographical boundaries might have changed by government Part Two: carry out task and find information Task: Part of the research process is to do a search for secondarydata to: Help in understanding background to the issues Help in defining the research problem Help in defining the population and in structuring the sample to be taken e.g. potential segments to be reached Generate hypotheses and alternative courses of action Save time and money not re-inventing the wheel Below are some tasks concerning secondary data. Answer in bullet points Information for parts (v) and (vi) is quite detailed and would be a waste of time (and paper) for you to copy out you are asked only to give the location of any information you find and a short sentence or two describing the contents You do not need to print out any information from the web addresses suggested to you below but you might want to save it to disc If you find information on other websites or in magazines, articles, journals, etc., please note the location and full reference and a short sentence about the content 2a) For Seminar Group 1: LITTERTHROWN FROM CARS Write short bullet point notesin the research diary on the following using secondary data and information: i)Size of the general litter problem e.g. amount litter per year, cost ofcleaning up ii)Potential health problems and other consequences (not only humans) iii)Legal aspects e.g. what is illegal, fines, etc. iv)Number of people worried by this Note in the research diary thefull reference for the following with some short notes describing the content: v)any information that might help profile likely people and places forlitter thrown from car vi)Any information on attitudes, barriers to change The following sources shouldprove helpful: http://www.tidybritain.org.uk/news/filthyfacts.asp?Sub=0Menu=0.26.12.244 http://www.encams.org/information/publications/research/pubbehavstudylitter2001.pdf http://www.tidybritain.org.uk/information/publications/research/youthlitter.pdf And theres always the library(and google) Part 3: My reflections from Seminar Two (word limit 250) Although thereare advantages and disadvantages with regard to the use of primary andsecondary sources of data collection, one would need to identify which one isbest put to use in relation to the subject matter. Depending on the researchquestion, both qualitative methods, which isnt measurable, i.e. statisticaldata is not used and quantitative methods (the use of statistical data to measurethe validity of a phenomenon), can be used to address the research question.It depends on how much information one can get, in other words it is the use ofmarket intelligence to collate data. In Hofstede(1980), work related values: individualism / collectivism, power distance, anduncertainty, avoidance / uncertainty acceptance, and gender differences,Hofstede carried out research on a sample population of IBM workers from allover the world taking into consideration the latter mentioned. From this onecould know how the Chinese behaved. International marketing utilises research,for example, would one introduce British Milk Chocolate to the Chinese people?If the Chinese dont like risky decisions then dont introduce the product in China. Moving on, the use of outdated data, e.g. 1967 to 74, could provide an inaccurateresearch final decision. Secondary sources of information will tend to be thenorm in this situation. In relation to the subject matter, Littering, onecould categorize the respondents into, sceptics; unaware; sympathisers; andconverts. The idea is to make everyone converts (environmentally friendly) insociety. For example, if the Minister of Health, after identify ing thecategories just mentioned, takes action; one will need to identify the otherthree negative elements through the use of secondary data. Marketing Research Seminar 3 Part One: Prepared Material Q 1) LIST the main principlesof the Data Protection Act (1998). Fair Adequate Rights Specific Transfer Accuracy Retention Security Q 2) What does the Office ofthe Information Commissioner define as personal data? From the DPA website: To determine whether you have any rights under the Data Protection Act (DPA) you must first establish whether the information being held is the sort of information covered by the DPA. Rights will only rise in respect of information if: -it relates to you, -you can be identified from the information itself or from thatinformation and other information which is, or is likely to come into thepossession of the data controller and, -The information is held electronically (e.g. on computer) or it isintended to be held in certain specific types of manual/paper- based filingsystems. Suchinformation is called personal data. Q 3a) Whatis Classic survey (or Market) Research? Classic Survey(or Market) Research: Defined by MRS Code of Conduct as: Theapplication of scientific research methods to obtain objective information onpeoples attitudes and behaviour based usually on representative samples of therelevant populations. The process guarantees the confidentiality of personalinformation in such a way that the data can only be used for researchpurposes. Classiccovers: Quantitative research Qualitative research Q 3b) Why should specialcare be exercised when undertaking Modelling/Data Fusion Projects? When undertaking Modelling /Data Fusion Projects, special care should be exercised to: -protect the interests of data subjects -data not be inappropriately used during or after the data matchingprocesses Merging confidential survey data with other data at an individual personal record level does not constitute a different or additional purpose, as long as the final data set protects the identity of the data subject. Q 4) The MRSCode of Conduct states that The general public and other interested partiesare entitled to complete assurance that every research project is carried outstrictly in accordance with this Code, and that their rights of privacy arerespected. It then gives the details of two specific things about whichassurance must be given. What are these? What other two things must respondentsbe informed about? These are: a)They must be assured that no information which could be used to identifythem will be made available without their agreement to anyone other than theResearcher responsible for conducting the research. b)They must also be assured that the information they supply will not beused for any purposes other than those described and that they will not beadversely affected or embarrassed as a direct result of their participation ina research project. Also,respondents must be informed about: a)The purpose of the research and the likely length of time necessary forthe collection of the information b)Research findings themselves must always be reported accurately andnever used to mislead anyone, in any way. PART 2: My Reflections fromSeminar Three: While reviewingprepared answers one was able to identify the research stake holders. Two taskswere then formulated namely, to compile a list of things that respondentsshould be told in order to give informed consent, and a suitable writtenstatement would be given to respondents so that they can give their informedconsent to their participation in the research. This could act as a barrierto being able to get the right people to participate in this research that willbe carried out by this seminar group. The stakeholders identified are, theclients (i.e. the lecturer from the university); the respondents; the marketresearchers (us); and the general public (i.e. people who work and live in thearea). For Task 1, theresearcher needs to make clear that the respondents co-operation with regardto the research being carried out is of no harm to them. Stating the purposeof the research in the initial stages could prove to be a good start of pointof contact. If it is a questionnaire, then it would be a lot easier to gaininformation from the respondent because they will not need to disclose their personalidentity. The researcher could give the impression of a short conversation atthe initial point of contact, in order to prolong and get as much informationas they can within a short period of time. One must realize that therespondent can withdraw at any stage of the conversation. The marketresearchers must make sure that they identify themselves at the initial stagesof contact with the respondent and if possible leave their contact details.For Task 2, there is the possibility of embarrassment. For example foreignstudents might not understand completely, the purpose of the research. In thi scase the researcher has to give a detailed and easy explanation to what theiraims and objectives are. Marketing Research SEMINAR 4 PART 1:Prepared Material Task 1:Choose ONE qualitative research method and give your reasons in bulletpoint format why you think it would be particularly suitable for researchingpeoples attitudes and behaviour towards one of the research questionsregarding littering you have identified. You shouldclearly and concisely state the research question at the beginning of youranswer. (Lengthexpected for your answer: Between half and one page of A4 double spaced TimesNew Roman 12pt font) Task 2:Collect at least 5 photos, pictures or images that you feel reflect yourthoughts and feelings about the environment in which you live. These may beimages of ANYTHING that sparks a reaction in your environment. There are noright or wrong answers (except anything that might give your fellow studentsoffence, use your common sense about that). For example,people we asked to do in connection with mobile telephones brought in picturesas varied as clocks, comfy sofas, cups of coffee, friends, padlocks and manyothers as well as pictures of phones. Bring thesewith you to the seminar 4. Come prepared to explain why you choose the picturesand even tell about images that came to mind but you did not find. PART TWO: My Reflections fromSeminar 4 We began with ashort comparison within qualitative and quantitative approaches for collectingdata. After each student expressed his or her thoughts for which technique isthe most appropriate to be used, it was generalised by the seminar leader ofthe group that for the purposes of our future project (litter thrown from cars)it is better to use the qualitative techniques. Therefore, by doing so, thedifferent qualitative techniques were expressed out in loud. These included themajor direct and indirect techniques which corresponds with the focus group orobservation techniques. Then, a question was set in the seminar group; whichmethod is more appropriate for us to use for collecting primary data asinexperienced people? After students expressed their opinions, the preferredone was chosen by the seminar leader (method of questionnaire). Inthe second part of the seminar, the group was divided into subgroups of 2persons and we were experienced, at least for most of us, our first realinterview. In particular, each group had an interview (5mins) with each otherbased on some images (prepared material) which represent our feelings andthoughts about the environment we live in. By doing so, back to group, we allshare our information collected by each other and we allocated them intodifferent environmental categories (themes) for example pollution. For me, it wasmy first interview I ever had, it was a great opportunity to get familiar withnon-professional interview and I am really glad that I took part in this. Marketing Research SeminarFIVE: Part One: Prepared Material Evaluate the potential of ONEsampling method from the list below for conducting your research (including itsdrawbacks). Clearly link your evaluation of the chosen method to your research;a simple list of advantages and disadvantages is not sufficient these need tobe related to your research. (LITTER THROWN FROM CARS) Lengthexpected to your answer: between half and one page A4 double spaced Times NewRoman 12 pt font. A classification of samplingtechniques: Non probability Sampling techniques -Convenience Sampling -Judgemental Sampling -Quota Sampling -Snowball Sampling Probability Sampling techniques -Simple Random Sampling -Systematic Sampling -Stratified Sampling -Cluster Sampling PART TWO: MyReflections from Seminar Five (Word limit 200 300 words) In order to get a realistic conclusion to ones findings, the researcherwill need to remind themselves of the research question; the method of surveyto be used in carrying out the research would also need to be evaluated; andthe qualitative methods of approach (a questionnaire) should be finalised. For example, how does the consumer view the product; to what extent isthere a problem? Do people acknowledge that there is a problem? These areissues the researcher needs to address. If needs be extra data will need to begathered, a bit more time would need to be taken, and eventually get to have amore accurate piece of data. In the method of survey, techniques such as face to face could reducecosts to gathering data; a structured and easily read questionnaire needs to beformulated in order to gather a proper description of peoples feelings, andopinions. Whereby, open ended questions need to be avoided in the qualitativemethods of approach. The method of coding could be used to gather theweightings placed by various age groups on the subject matter. For example,Male or female respondents, in which three different age groups can be gatheredmight prove to be a useful starting point. Possible questions to be included in questionnaire such as has therespondent eaten food in a car, in the last 30 days, or do they smoke in theircar? This could prove to be a hitter, with regard to extracting the rightanswer from the respondent. More important would be to be the safety of theresearcher. It would be advisable to carry out such research in the day time.Politeness is the key to getting the attention of potential respondents for thesubject matter. PART TWO: My Reflections fromSeminar Six (Word limit 200 300 words) A more refinedquestion within the context of the questionnaire would be, how often does therespondent eat or drink in the car; whereby, there will be a set of multiplechoice answers, can be deemed as a more appropriate measure of summing upinformation with regard to the subject matter (Littering the streets).Multiple choice answers such as: a.More than once a day b.About once a day c.2-6 times a week d.once a week e.once every 2-3 weeks f.once a month g.less than once a month One must beaware of the fact that (g.) is not possible. However, it is good to have aproper representation of all possible scenarios represented in the questionnaire,so as to have the overall picture summed up. Although, thesafety of the researcher is important, it will be best to carry out theresearch during the day and within the university grounds. Why? With thechoice of a wide variety and greater number of students to choose from, it willgive the researcher the opportunity to gather more accurate answers, other thanapproaching people from the street. As stated previously, it will be advisableto group the respondents into certain age groups. If potential respondents arenot part of the university or not in the age group (18 19, 20 21, and 22 -23) wanted, OR are in an age group which you have already collected theinformation required, then thank them for their time and move on. If otherwise,then the researcher should do vice-versa. Mostimportantly, the researcher should make sure that the respondent fills in thequestionnaire if they meet age and gender requirements. Racial ethics isnot a point of concern here, because the littering of streets could be carriedout by just about anybody. Therefore, it will be advisable to gatherinformation from as wide an audience as they can. Additionally, the age groupsbeing used to carry out this research can be deemed as too narrow a view.Because, as earlier said littering the streets is done by just about anybody.Therefore, it will be advisable to widen the spectrum of the age groups;possibly, 16 to 35 year olds would be more convincing. PART TWO: My Reflections from Seminar Seven (Word limit 200 300 words) Having attendeda different seminar, with a different research topic chewing gums, usingqualitative analysis to open-ended questions, sort of seems to be a moreappropriate research method. With 5 students fully accomplishing the tasksrequired from the questionnaire, from a total of 7; it gives one the impressionthat the research topic is not enticing. The use of post-it notes wasdelegated to the students to use as a means of describing what they have doneon each of the questionnaires answered. Each researcher was told to initialtheir name on each post-it note. Additionally, the gender of the respondent wasrequired on the post-it note. The use of a coding formulae for the answers tothe questions on the questionnaire such as (0 for NO and 1 for a YES answer),can be deemed as adequate for this exercise. Also, a coding formula was usedfor the each age group on the questionnaire. The answers given by therespondents to the questionnaires for each of the open-ended questions are thenwritten in the middle of the post-it. This gives a clearer understanding ofthe answers given in which a comparison of the qualitative methods andquantitative methods are then analyzed. Categorising thepost-it notes according to the answers given by the respondents, is a veryuseful measure to identify any trends. Although, some answers were rathersarcastic, it acts as a useful reminder that the results can provide an eyeopener into other relevant topics, for example, recommendations and sarcasm. The use ofqualitative methods (questionnaire and interviews) other than quantitativemethods can be deemed as more appropriate to this research topic. This isbecause it gives the researcher a hands-on approach to what is actuallyhappening, other than already established data which might prove to beoutdated. PART TWO: My Reflections fromSeminar Eight (Word limit 200 300 words) The use ofmanual coding to analyze data, can act as a useful method in providing the sortof weightings which the researcher would need to identify with when trying toreach conclusions about the subject matter. Using a spreadsheet to give aclearer picture of the weightings on the codes used to analyze the categories ofconstrunts from the questionnaire can prove to be a pedagogical tool indecision making. As stated previously, the age group needs to be widened, soalso the fact whether one has a car or not, does not make a difference withregard to the subject matter, which is Litter discarded on the streets. Theconstructs such as feelings about pollution, health, damage to the environment,denial and blame, a problem or no problem of waste, visual, and individualresponsibility, are good classifications in putting the subject matter intoperspective. However, they need to be widened further to gain an in-depthunderstanding of the subject matter. Additionally,one could use SPSS. This is a statistical software package, which enables theresearcher to carry out data transformation, matrix algebra, macro andscripting facilities. It has excellent data management facilities and highquality graphics. It is applicable to many different research fields, althoughit has particular strengths in the areas of the social sciences, it can bedescribed as one of the most friendliest statistical packages of its kind.

Radical Criminology Essay -- Social Inequality Criminal Justice

Criminal law involves prosecution by the state of a person for an act that has been classified as a crime (Criminal law, 2010). But who gets to decide what acts are criminal? It should be no surprise that the individuals with the most power do. For radical criminologists, the problem arises in capitalist societies because it is in these societies where the means of production are owned privately by a small number of people. Based on the writings of Karl Marx, radical criminologists argue that the state works to serve the interests of the capitalist ruling class and that criminal law is merely an instrument of that class to keep all other classes in a disadvantage position (Young et al.,1973; Quinney, 1980). Named the elites, bourgeois, or the ruling class, these powerful people formulate and shape the content of the law to further their interests and at the same time to exploit the poor and the weak. Criminal law protects the powerful by making it look like the most dangerous types o f crime are committed by the poor and consequently by setting the stage for criminal justice officials to go after and punish perpetrators of street crime more harshly than those who commit white collar or corporate crime. On September 13, 1989, a small Kentucky town experienced a powerful tragic mining â€Å"accident,† or so it seemed. The powerful methane explosion left 10 men dead. A federal investigation revealed that the acting foreman at the mine falsified countless safety reports including those that documented methane levels. The foreman failed to comply with safety and regulatory requirements that ultimately lead to the explosion and deaths of 10 men. Accident? Murder? Mass murder? What does the criminal law say? The foreman received the minimum ... ...4). Echo Burning. ABA Journal . Ross, J. (2009). Cutting the Edge: Current Perspectives in Radical/Critical Criminology and Criminal Justice. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. Shukovsky, P. (2007). The FBI's Terrorism Trade-Off. Retrieved from Seattle Post-Intelligencer: http://www.seattlepi.com/national/311046_fbiterror11.html Siegel, L. (2004). Criminology Theories Patterns & Typologies. New York: Prentice Hall. Sutherland, E. (1940). White-Collar Criminality. American Sociological Review , 1-12. Valentino, S. (2008). White Collar Criminal Defense. Retrieved from Crime USA: http://www.crimeusa.com/White_Collar_Crime.html Young, J., Taylor, I., & Walton, P. (1975). Critical Criminology. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Young, J., Taylor, I., & Walton, P. (1973). The New Criminology: For A Social Theory Of Deviance. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Huella Online Essay

Introduction Huella Online Travel was an Internet travel portal Founded in 1999 in Kuala Lumpua, Malaysia targeting Greater China and Asian Pacific. It expanded into 10 different markets across Asia, including Hong Kong. Huella online travel sells travel related products and services to customers, on behalf of suppliers, such as airlines, car rentals and hotels. Problem Statement Hong Kong consumers have low interest in buying airline tickets online although internet penetration is quite high. Research Objectives Huella‘s Hong Kong site was launched in 2000. Revenue growth in Hong Kong had been less than expected. Huella market share in Hong Kong to be only 4% compared 9% in Singapore. In this regard, we seek to †¢To get a depth insight into Hong Kong online travel market †¢To find rationale behind low usage of online booking of airline tickets in Hong Kong especially people belonging to the age group of 18-35 †¢Perception of Huella brand and its Hong Kong website Research Design The research will be conducted with the help of survey through the feedback of questionnaires from a sample of 300 people (including both male and female) belonging to the age group of 18 to 35 and will be conducted online. The sample will focus students, business executives and leisure travellers. The respondents used to fill the questionnaire will be based on Random Sampling. DATA ANALYSIS The answers of the questions in the questionnaires will be analyzed on the basis of scale which may vary from question to question and is constructed at the time of preparation of the questionnaires. The results will be shown in terms of percentages and the graphical representation of people’s preferences in terms of percentages and ratios. BUDGET The overall cost may range from $ 2,000 to $ 3,000 approximately. SCHEDULE The Research may take Three months, according to the schedule as follow: ïÆ'ËœOne month for the questionnaires to be filled by respondents. ïÆ'ËœOne Month for the Data Analysis. ïÆ'ËœOne Moth for the preparation of Report.

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What is the definition of a contract? An agreement between two or more parties for the doing or not doing of something specified. Describe the various types of contracts. 1) Bilateral and Unilateral 2) Express and Implied 3) Executory and Executed What elements does a contract need to be enforceable? 1) Agreement 2) Legality 3) Consideration 4) Capacity What elements would constitute a discharge of a contract? 1) Material breach 2) Minor breach 3) Anticipatory breach 4) Mutual Rescission 5) Accord/Satisfaction What is a bilateral contract? Both parties make a promise. What is a unilateral contract?One party make a promise that the other party can accept only by doing something. ex. I'll give you $10 to mow my lawn. If not mowed no $10. What is an express contract? Two parties state all important terms of their agreement. ex. Where, when, how much, oral or written. What is an implied contract? Words and conduct of the parties indicate that they intended an agreement. What is an execut ory contract? When one or more parties have not fulfilled its obligations. What is an executed contract? When all parties have fulfilled their obligations? If there is a breech of contact, what remedies are available?Injuction – An order forcing someone to do something or refrain from doing something. Expectation Damages / Restitution – $ required to put on party in the position she would have been had the other side performed the contract. Specific Performance – In cases of rare property court ordered to complete the deal. Reformation – Court will rewrite contract. Describe types of acceptable performace of a contract. Strict Performance Substantial Performance What are the Sherman and Clayton Antitrust Acts? Sherman Act of 1890 – first national law to regulate competition.Clayton Act of 1914 clarified the Sherman Act. What are the key provisions of the Sherman and Clayton Antitrust Acts? *Prohibits all agreements that will â€Å"restrain tradeâ €  (Sherman) *Bans â€Å"monopolies† (Sherman) *Prohibits anticompetitive mergers (Clayton) *Tying arrangements (Clayton) *Exclusive dealings (Clayton) *Bans price discrimination – illegal to charge different prices to different purchasers. (Robinson-Pattman Act 1936 an amendment to Clayton -) Describe the variety of aggressive business actions that are illegal and violations of antitrust regulations.Monopolization -possessing a monopoly is not illegal; using bad acts to acquire or maintain one is. Predatory Pricing – lowering prices below cost to drive competitors out. Tying Arrangements – selling products on the condition the buyer purchases a different (or tied) product. Contolling distributors or retailers (Retail price maintenance) How is consumer credit regulated? Through the Truth in Lending Act What government regulations apply to consumer product safety? *Federal food, drug, cosmetic act *Food quality protection act What is the role of the Env ironmental Protection Agency?Monitor and protect the air, water and land polution. . . What requirements were specified by the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914? Unfair or deceptive acts or practices. What is the point at which a legal agreement is said to have occured? intend to contract List the types of breech of contracts. Material Breach Minor Breach Anticipatory Breach Mutual Rescission Accord/Satisfaction What is an express warranty? Seller creates with words or actions that goods meet certain standards. Created three ways: Affirmation of a fact or promise, Description of the goods, or sample or model. What is an implied warranty?Created by UCC code itself, not by an act or statement of the seller. What is a disclaimer? A statement that a particular warranty does not apply. What are the limitations on remedies for breach of warranty and product liability? Limitation of Remedy Clause – Parties may limit or exclude normal remedies permitted. What is negligence? Seller 's conduct unreasonable. Violation of a standard of care set by statute. How does negligence apply to a manufacturer? Negligent Design Negligent Manufacturing Failure to Warn What are the types of warranties? Implied, Express, Implied Warranty of Fitness, Warranty of Merchantiability.What is strict liability? A tort doctrine holding to a very high standard all those who engage in ultrahazardous activities. (ie explosives) OR who manufacture certain products. What are the defenses available to an action for negligence? Contributory Negligence – If the plantiff is even slightly negligent she recovers nothing. Comparative Negligence – Plantiff may generally recover even if she was partially responsible. What are the defenses available or an action for strict liability? None – a defendant engaging in an ultrahazardous activity is virtually always liable for any harm that results.List the remedies available. Compensatory Damages – flow directly from contract. Consequential Damages – result from the unique circumstances of the particular injured party. (Recoverable only if breaching party should have foreseen them). Incidental Damages – Minor costs an injured party incurs responding to a breach. What are the basic provisions of the Sarbanes – Oxley Act? *Created a public company accounting oversight board *Revising auditor independence rules *Revising corporate governance standards *Increasing criminal penalties for violations What are the rights of the shareholders? Right to information – including minute book, accounting records, and shareholder lists. *Right to vote *Right to Dissent *Right to protection from other shareholders. What recourse do sharholders have against corporations if shareholder rights are violated? Derivative Lawsuits – Shareholders sue corporation, but damages go to corporation. *Direct lawsuits *Class Action What are the key provisions of the Securities Act of 1933? Before offeri ng or selling securities, the issuer must register the securities with the SEC, unless the securities qualify for an exemption. What are the disclosure requirements of the Securities Act of 1933?Initial detailed information statement when the company first registers. How did Sarbanes – Oxley change the disclosure requirements of the Securities Act of 1933? Added to the 1934 Securities Act by requiring CEO and CFO to certify that: *The information in the quarterly and annual reports are true. *The company has effective internal controls. *The officers have informed the company's audit committee and it auditors of any concerns that they have about the internal control system. What year did the Sarbanes – Oxley Act pass? 2002 How would you define business ethics? The study of how people ought to act.What is involved in developing an ethical culture in an organization? Managers setting the example and training. What year was the Clean Air Act passed? 1963 What year was the Clean Water Act passed? 1977 What are the alternative dispute resolution techniques? *Arbitration – 3rd neutral party hears both sides and makes a binding decision, possible award, no discovery, no class action, no pulic info of outcome. *Mediation – Neutral party coaxed two disputing parties toward volunatry settlement. No decision made by mediator. *Negotiation – List the types of courts. State Courts = Trial CourtsFederal Courts = Trial Courts and Specialty courts (bankruptcy, tax, etc) Appelate Courts = Describe the National Labor Relations Act of 1935. Also known as Wagner Act. 1) Created NLR Board to enforce labor laws. 2) Prohibits employers from penalizing workers who engage in union activity. 3) Requires employers to bargain â€Å"in good faith† with unions. Descirbe what COBRA is, and when was it passed? Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act passed in 1985. Statute provides that former employees be allowed to continue health insurance for 18 months after leaving their job.Describe what the Fair Labor Standards Act is and when it passed? Regulates wages and limits child labor. Passed in 1938. 1. 5 time paid for overtime. Children under 14 may only work in agricultural and entertainment. 14-15 limited hours after school. 16-17 unlimited hours in non-hazardous. Descirbe what constitutes wrongful discharge under the law. Wrongful discharge prohibits an employer from firing a worker for a bad reason. They fall into three categories. 1) public policy – prohibits employer from firing someone for a reason that violates basic social rights, duties, and responsibilities. ) contract law-written or oral promises made during the hiring process can be enforceable. Employee handbook creates a contract. 3) tort law – defamation; giving a false or unfavorable reference about a former employee, or â€Å"Intentional Infliction of Emotion Distress – employers who condone cruel treatment of their employees face liability under tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress. Explain the responsibilities of OSHA. Holds employers to a workplace â€Å"free from recognized hazards that are causing or likely to cause death or serious injury to employees.Inspects workplaces to insure that they are safe. Describe the main points of the Americans with Disabilites Act of 1990. The ADA prohibits employers from discriminating on the basis of disability as long as she can, with reasonable accomodation, perform the essential functions of the job. An accomodation is not reasonable if it would create undue hardship on the employer. What is liquidated damages clause? A provision in the contract that declares in advance what one party will receive if the other side breaches. What is necessary to prove negligence? Duty of Due Care Breach (defendant breached duty)Factual Cause Forseeable Harm Injury What does the Family and Medical Leave Act guarantee? Both men and women up to 12 weeks unpaid leave eac h year for childbirth, adoption, or medical emergencies for themselves or a family member. When was Social Security instituted and what does it do? Passed during the Great Depression in 1935. Benefits to workers who are retired, disabled, or temporarilly unemployed and to spouses and children of disabled or deceased workers. What is the FUTA? Federal Unemployment Tax Act and is part of the Social Security system. What is the Equal Pay Act and when was it instituted?An employee may not be paid at a lesser rate than an employee of the opposite sex for equal work. Passed in 1963. What is Title VII and what does it prohibit? Passed in 1964. It prohibits employers from discriminating on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. More specifically, 1) discrimination in the workplace 2) sexual harassment 3) discrimination because of pregnancy. What does sexual harassment entail? unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature with two major categories. 1) Quid pro quo (this for that) 2) Hostile work environmentWhat is the EEOC? Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is a federal agency to oversee Title VII cases. They may sue or issue a â€Å"Right to Sue† letter. They also oversee age discrimination cases. What are the remedies to Title VII violations? Hiring, reinstatement, retroactive seniority, back pay, reasonable attorney's fees and damages up to $300,000. What does the Age Discrimination Act prohibit? When was it passed? Prohibits ago discrimination against employees or job applicants who are 40 years or older. Cannot fire, refuse to hire, fail to promote or force to employee to retire. Passed in 1967.What is the Norris-LaGuardia Act? declared that federal courts could not issue an injuction for non-violent labor disputes. What rights does Section 7 of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) guarantee? the right to organize and join unions, bargain collectively through rep resentatives of their own choosing, and egage in other concerted efforts. What does Section 8 of the NLRA guarantee against? Unfair Labor Practices – the employer cannot: *interfere with union organizing efforts. *dominate or interfere with any union. *discriminate against any union member. *refuse to bargain collectively with any union.What are the two main functions of the NLRA Board appointed by the President? *Representation – the board decided whether a particular union is entitled to represent a group of employees. *Unfair Labor Practices – adjudicates claim by either the employer or workers the the other side has committed a ULP. What is the Taft-Hartley Act? Also called the Labor Management Relations Act. A statue that ammended section 8 of the NLRA to outlaw certain ULP by unions. *interfer with employees who are exercising their right under 7. * to encourage an employer to discriminate against a particular employee because of a union dispute. refuse to bargain collectively. * to engage in an illegal strike or boycott, especially secondary boycotts. (secondary boycott is picketting innocent companies to coherce them to stop doing business with an employer) What is the Landrum-Griffin Act? Also called the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (LMRDA) requires union leadership to make certain financial disclosures and guarantees free speech and fair elections within a union. What does Section 9 of the NLRA offer? Exclusivity – a valid recognized union is the EXCLUSIVE representative of the employees. What steps are needed to organize a union?Campaign – rally employees to form a union. Authorization Cards – signed card by employee giving union exclusity. Recognition – union asks employer to recognize it as the bargaining unit. Petition – union petitions NLRB for an election if 30% of workers are unified. Election – NLRB supervises election. What is a CBA? Collective Bargaining Agreeme nt. What is UPA Uniform Partnership Act passed 1914. At what point is a partnership formed? The association of two or more person to carry on as co-owners a business for profit forms a partnership, whether or not the persons intend to form a partnership.What factors create â€Å"co-owners of a business for profit†? *Must share profits *Share in management of business *(optional) Share in losses *(optional) referring to yourselves as partners *Charitable business are not partnerships When does Partnership by Estoppel apply? *they allow others to call them partners * a third party relies on assertion * a third party suffers harm What agency does a â€Å"partner† in a partnership hold? *Actual authority – authorized acts * Implied authority – act resonably necessary *Apparent authority – unauthorized acts Which partner is responsible for paying the debt of the partnership?ALL – all partners are PERSONALLY liable for all debts of the partnership . (Yes, that means the house is at risk. ) What is the liability of an incoming partner? A partner is personally liable only for obligations the partnership incurred while he was a partner. His liability for debts incurred before he became a partner is limited to his investment in the partnership. What are the two categories antitrust is divided into? per se – violations are automatic (no on was hurt is not a defense criminal and civil damages) rule of reason – only if anticompetitive impactName the three types of potentially illegal cooperative business strategies. Horizontal Agreements among competitors. (Levis and Wranglers) Vertical Agreements between participates of different stages of production (Levis and Macys) Mergers and Joint Ventures among competitors. What is market division? An effort by a group of competitors to divide it market is a per se violation of the Sherman Act. What is the FTC? Federal Trade Commission created in 1915. What options does the FTC have to enforce the law? Voluntary Compliance Administrative Hearing and Appeals PenaltiesWhat sales practices does the FTC oversee? Bait & Switch Mail/Phone Order Merchandise Telemarketing Unordered Merchandise Door to Door Sales Consumer Credit What is the â€Å"Truth in Lending Act†? Requires lenders to disclose the terms of the loan in an understandable and complete manner. Truth in Lending Act (TILA) applies only if . . . *It is a consumer loan *The loan has a finance charge or will be paid in more than four installments. *The loan is for less than $25,000, or to secure a mortgage on real estate *The loan is made by someone in the business of offering credit What is the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act?The act requires any supplier that offers a written warranty on a consumer product that cost more than $15 to disclose the terms of the warranty in simple, understandable language before the sale. What does the Consumer Product Safety Act of 1972 protect? Created to prevent inju ries from consumer products. Instituted the Consumer Product Safety Commission to evaluate consumer products and develop safety standards. The FTC deems a practice unfair if it meets three tests. What are these tests? 1) It causes substantial consumer injury. 2) The harm of the injury outweights any countervailing benefit. ) The consumer could not reasonably avoid the injury. What is the EPA? What is the EPA's primary function? Evironmental Protection Agency. Created in 1970. When Congress passes a new environmental law, the EPA issues regulations to implement it. What is the Clean Air Act? When was it passed? The Clean Air Act of 1970 has four provisions: 1) Primary Standards (National Ambient Air Quality Standards, NAAQS) – pollution that harms public health. 2) Secondary Standards – pollution that may not threaten health BUT has unpleasant effects, low visibility, harmful to plants or other materials. ) State Implimentation Plans (SIPs) States offered plans for brin ging areas into compliance within a reasonable amount of time. 4) Citizen Suits – citizens can file against a polluter or the EPA for failing to enforce statute. What is the Clean Water Act? When was it passed? Passed in 1972 with two goals: 1) to make all navigable water suitable for swimming and fishing by 1983 2) to eliminate the discharge of pollutants into navigable waters by 1985. What does the Safe Drinking Water Act require? When was it passed? Passed 1974. Requires: 1) EPA to set national standards ) enforcement left to states with provisions for EPA to enforce if needed. 3) Prohibits use of lead in any water pipes. 4) Requires community water systems to send annual water report to every customer. What two statutes regulate waste? The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) – regulates the production and disposal of solid waste. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund) – focuses on cleaning up existing hazardous waste sites. What does EPA oversee? Air Water Waste Chemicals – shared with other agencies (FDA, OSHA, and NRC)Natural Resources What act was passed to regulate the air? Clean Air Act What acts were passed to regulate water? *Clean Water Act *Safe Drinking Water Act *Ocean Dumping Act *Oil Pollution Act What acts were passed to regulate chemicals? *Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act *Federal Food, Drug, Cosmetic Act *Food Quality Protection Act *Toxic Substances Control Act What acts were passed to regulate natural resources? *National Environmental Policy Act *Endangered Species Act What are common types of antitrust violations? Cooperative Strategies Aggressive Strategies Define ethics. The study and philosophy of human conduct, with an emphasis on determining right and wrong. *Moral philosophy *The principles, values, and standards that guide behavior in the world of business. What are the changes made to the 1933 Securities Act in 1934 ? *still must file initial info statement (like 1933) *Annual reports with audited financials, analysis of company's performance, info about officers and directors. *Unaudited quarterly reports *Report any significant developments, bankruptcy, change in control, purchase or sale of significant assets, resignation of a director as a result of policy dispute, change in auditing firms.