Paul Cezanne Les Baigneurs Grande Planche Essay

Paul Cezanne Les Baigneurs Grande Planche - Essay Example Rich people bought rich people's art, while the rest f us bought posters or nothing. The prospect f walking into a gallery and talking to the owner intimidated me, and I also took it for granted that the era was long past when someone like me could afford to buy anything worth having. What changed my mind was the Internet. In the late 90's, print dealers across the country began launching websites on which they advertised their wares, and some even posted the prices. I was already teaching myself about prints: works published in multiple copies that cost only a fraction f the price f a painting by the same artist, thus putting them within reach f art lovers f comparatively modest means. Now I began to consider the possibility f buying them. What separates a limited-edition print from a museum poster or a "framed reproduction" is that the former, unlike the latter, is largely or entirely handmade, is produced in small quantities, and is (usually) signed and numbered by the artist, who creates it with the technical assistance f printers familiar with the particular medium in which he is working. No honest collector will deny that this last feature, the signature, is part f the appeal; but to buy a mediocre lithograph simply because it is signed by Joan Mir or Marc Chagall is only a baby step up from collecting autographs. The best printmakers, from Rembrandt and Drer to Avery and Frankenthaler, have always been drawn to the medium for its own sake, and their prints are worth having not merely in lieu f a more expensive painting but because they are fully realized creations in themselves. (House 369-376) Anyone who doubts this need only look at a copy f Piazza Rotunda, a limited-edition aquatint by William Bailey that I bought directly from Crown Point Press in San Francisco, never having seen anything other than a thumbnail reproduction. It is a still life f a miscellaneous assortment f eggs and kitchenware arranged on a circular tabletop in a shallow, strangely empty room. When I opened the package and saw the piece "in the flesh" for the first time, I actually gasped, stunned by its subdued intensity and fineness f line. Unlike a poster, Piazza Rotunda has a subtly textured, three-dimensional surface, created by the impressing f the etched plate into the thick paper on which the image is printed. Even if it were unsigned, I would have wanted to own it simply because f the way it looks. In fact, that is the only good reason to buy a work f art: so that you can look at it every day, as often as you want. (McPherson 400-401) But what could I afford that I would want to look at every day Two f my well-to-do acquaintances are serious collectors, and knowing them nearly caused me to quit before I got started. To the aspiring collector f modest means, few things are more demoralizing than the spectacle f a Park Avenue living room whose contents include some twenty-odd canvases by a half-dozen important painters. I knew I would have to cut my aesthetic coat to fit my financial cloth. Once again, though, luck was with me. I had always loved American modernism in all its myriad manifestations. From F. Scott Fitzgerald and Aaron Copland to Louis Armstrong and Fred Astaire, our best artists have spoken in the crisply empirical, immediately accessible tone f voice now

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 108

Assignment Example Another objective of this kind of event is to carry out a research on dementia, in doing this there will be more voluntary participation and making knowledge dissemination easier and making translation and knowledge tools available to the entire public present in the arena. Another possible objective of this event could be to carry out a surveillance system where a possible group of a provincial or territorial partner carry out a short survey to know an approximate number of people affected by the disease. Besides, they can perform a risk reduction and a screening mechanism for dementia and hence formulating an agreed method of prevention and treatment for the targets acquired. Such kind of events also bring about the caregiver effects where through the educational talks given by the present guests, the people present can use to show more care to the people affected by dementia. Through the educational programs and the banners, the people present can be educated about this and can therefore get a different perspective of handling and even treating the affected patients. In order to create awareness of this kind of event, several measures must be taken. For instance, digitally advertising the event through the internet can help a great deal in making sure that the event reaches every individual. Most people in the 21st century have a regular access to the internet at least once a week or even more frequently, this makes the internet adverts more convenient. However, in other cases, brochures and leaflets can also be used in order to disseminate the information and make sure that the information reaches every possible ear. Besides organizing the Marathons or the semi marathons, other fun events such as sack racing and other games such as Basketball with reasonable registration fees; these could help attract more people to the fund raising and hence more funds being raised. To raise more eyebrows, in the

Marketing Research Reflection

Marketing Research Reflection Marketing Research Diary Marketing Research Seminar 1 Part One: Prepared Material 1) What is the management decision problem facingDuPont? New type of carpets (innovation) Can commercial segment be transferred to residential segment? Whether they should introduce the new collection into theresidential market. If the answer to that question is yes: How should be introduced? How will it be marketed? How will be broken down into specific decision-making areas? 2) What is the marketing research problem facing DuPont? To determine consumer preferences and purchase intentions for theproposed new product 3) Breakdown the general marketing research problem into component parts. The marketing research problemcan be broken down into the following component parts: What criteria are used by people in choosing carpets? What are the market shares of DuPont and its competitors? What is the size of the market segment interested in the newproduct? What styles of carpets are preferred by households? What is the demographic and psychological profile of the customers? How do people evaluate carpet brands in terms of the competitors and brand awareness? 4) Developone suitable research question and hypothesis for the marketing research problem. A possible research question and hypothesis related to the marketing research problem is: RQ: On what variables can the specific market segment be identified? H: It may be identified bydemographic, psychological factors Part 2: MY REFLECTIONS ON SEMINAR 1 After discussing the case study and identified the research problem components, a conclusion was reached as to the topic to be researched for the whole semester, (Litter thrownfrom cars). Issues such as consumer characteristics, behaviour, attitudes, opinions,possessions and the environmental context of the problem are factors one needsto bear in mind here. There is also a need to target specific markets, i.e.what type of consumers are we talking about here? Do the consumers realizethat there is a problem? Sub-consciously they probably do, but consciouslythey dont. Evaluating the pros and cons of the product would be useful inrealising the market potential and responsiveness from various consumersegments. Additionally,profiling of lifestyles, habits, activities of the target audience demographyand product image would need to be assessed. A system of delivering theproduct would need to meet customer satisfaction and experience. Identifyingwhere the competition is for the product would need to be carried out. I.e.areas that are not littered or are cleaned on a regular basis would have ahigher and better standard of living, while areas that do not have this, wouldsuffer the opposite. In relation to the main topic reached for research, onewould need to analyze the size of the problem, are the costs of cleaning it upaffordable per litter discarded; what are the health hazards and problemscreated by unclean litter on the streets; can people littering the streets,when they appear not to know that they are littering the streets be termed as acriminal offence; and finally, what can we do to change peoples attitudestowards this unsolved phenomenon is an issue that needs attention. Marketing Research Seminar 2: Part One: Prepared Material: 1a) Briefly, list the main advantages of secondary data. The main advantages of secondarydata are: It is accessible, relatively inexpensive and quickly obtained Some are available on topics where it would not be feasible for afirm to collect primary data It also helps to: Diagnose a sampling plan Formulate an appropriate research design Answer certain research questions and test some hypotheses Interpret primary data with more insight Validate qualitative research findings Ideas generated in secondary data can be used as a very strongfoundation to primary data design and collection It also a substantial help in theexploratory phase of the research: Understanding and defining the problem Extremely useful in defining the population and in structuringthe sample 1b) Why should the reliability of published statisticsvary over time? Measurement errors: Measurement systems might had changed How old data can be depends on what you have researching Sources might discover being biased Geographical boundaries might have changed by government Part Two: carry out task and find information Task: Part of the research process is to do a search for secondarydata to: Help in understanding background to the issues Help in defining the research problem Help in defining the population and in structuring the sample to be taken e.g. potential segments to be reached Generate hypotheses and alternative courses of action Save time and money not re-inventing the wheel Below are some tasks concerning secondary data. Answer in bullet points Information for parts (v) and (vi) is quite detailed and would be a waste of time (and paper) for you to copy out you are asked only to give the location of any information you find and a short sentence or two describing the contents You do not need to print out any information from the web addresses suggested to you below but you might want to save it to disc If you find information on other websites or in magazines, articles, journals, etc., please note the location and full reference and a short sentence about the content 2a) For Seminar Group 1: LITTERTHROWN FROM CARS Write short bullet point notesin the research diary on the following using secondary data and information: i)Size of the general litter problem e.g. amount litter per year, cost ofcleaning up ii)Potential health problems and other consequences (not only humans) iii)Legal aspects e.g. what is illegal, fines, etc. iv)Number of people worried by this Note in the research diary thefull reference for the following with some short notes describing the content: v)any information that might help profile likely people and places forlitter thrown from car vi)Any information on attitudes, barriers to change The following sources shouldprove helpful: http://www.tidybritain.org.uk/news/filthyfacts.asp?Sub=0Menu=0.26.12.244 http://www.encams.org/information/publications/research/pubbehavstudylitter2001.pdf http://www.tidybritain.org.uk/information/publications/research/youthlitter.pdf And theres always the library(and google) Part 3: My reflections from Seminar Two (word limit 250) Although thereare advantages and disadvantages with regard to the use of primary andsecondary sources of data collection, one would need to identify which one isbest put to use in relation to the subject matter. Depending on the researchquestion, both qualitative methods, which isnt measurable, i.e. statisticaldata is not used and quantitative methods (the use of statistical data to measurethe validity of a phenomenon), can be used to address the research question.It depends on how much information one can get, in other words it is the use ofmarket intelligence to collate data. In Hofstede(1980), work related values: individualism / collectivism, power distance, anduncertainty, avoidance / uncertainty acceptance, and gender differences,Hofstede carried out research on a sample population of IBM workers from allover the world taking into consideration the latter mentioned. From this onecould know how the Chinese behaved. International marketing utilises research,for example, would one introduce British Milk Chocolate to the Chinese people?If the Chinese dont like risky decisions then dont introduce the product in China. Moving on, the use of outdated data, e.g. 1967 to 74, could provide an inaccurateresearch final decision. Secondary sources of information will tend to be thenorm in this situation. In relation to the subject matter, Littering, onecould categorize the respondents into, sceptics; unaware; sympathisers; andconverts. The idea is to make everyone converts (environmentally friendly) insociety. For example, if the Minister of Health, after identify ing thecategories just mentioned, takes action; one will need to identify the otherthree negative elements through the use of secondary data. Marketing Research Seminar 3 Part One: Prepared Material Q 1) LIST the main principlesof the Data Protection Act (1998). Fair Adequate Rights Specific Transfer Accuracy Retention Security Q 2) What does the Office ofthe Information Commissioner define as personal data? From the DPA website: To determine whether you have any rights under the Data Protection Act (DPA) you must first establish whether the information being held is the sort of information covered by the DPA. Rights will only rise in respect of information if: -it relates to you, -you can be identified from the information itself or from thatinformation and other information which is, or is likely to come into thepossession of the data controller and, -The information is held electronically (e.g. on computer) or it isintended to be held in certain specific types of manual/paper- based filingsystems. Suchinformation is called personal data. Q 3a) Whatis Classic survey (or Market) Research? Classic Survey(or Market) Research: Defined by MRS Code of Conduct as: Theapplication of scientific research methods to obtain objective information onpeoples attitudes and behaviour based usually on representative samples of therelevant populations. The process guarantees the confidentiality of personalinformation in such a way that the data can only be used for researchpurposes. Classiccovers: Quantitative research Qualitative research Q 3b) Why should specialcare be exercised when undertaking Modelling/Data Fusion Projects? When undertaking Modelling /Data Fusion Projects, special care should be exercised to: -protect the interests of data subjects -data not be inappropriately used during or after the data matchingprocesses Merging confidential survey data with other data at an individual personal record level does not constitute a different or additional purpose, as long as the final data set protects the identity of the data subject. Q 4) The MRSCode of Conduct states that The general public and other interested partiesare entitled to complete assurance that every research project is carried outstrictly in accordance with this Code, and that their rights of privacy arerespected. It then gives the details of two specific things about whichassurance must be given. What are these? What other two things must respondentsbe informed about? These are: a)They must be assured that no information which could be used to identifythem will be made available without their agreement to anyone other than theResearcher responsible for conducting the research. b)They must also be assured that the information they supply will not beused for any purposes other than those described and that they will not beadversely affected or embarrassed as a direct result of their participation ina research project. Also,respondents must be informed about: a)The purpose of the research and the likely length of time necessary forthe collection of the information b)Research findings themselves must always be reported accurately andnever used to mislead anyone, in any way. PART 2: My Reflections fromSeminar Three: While reviewingprepared answers one was able to identify the research stake holders. Two taskswere then formulated namely, to compile a list of things that respondentsshould be told in order to give informed consent, and a suitable writtenstatement would be given to respondents so that they can give their informedconsent to their participation in the research. This could act as a barrierto being able to get the right people to participate in this research that willbe carried out by this seminar group. The stakeholders identified are, theclients (i.e. the lecturer from the university); the respondents; the marketresearchers (us); and the general public (i.e. people who work and live in thearea). For Task 1, theresearcher needs to make clear that the respondents co-operation with regardto the research being carried out is of no harm to them. Stating the purposeof the research in the initial stages could prove to be a good start of pointof contact. If it is a questionnaire, then it would be a lot easier to gaininformation from the respondent because they will not need to disclose their personalidentity. The researcher could give the impression of a short conversation atthe initial point of contact, in order to prolong and get as much informationas they can within a short period of time. One must realize that therespondent can withdraw at any stage of the conversation. The marketresearchers must make sure that they identify themselves at the initial stagesof contact with the respondent and if possible leave their contact details.For Task 2, there is the possibility of embarrassment. For example foreignstudents might not understand completely, the purpose of the research. In thi scase the researcher has to give a detailed and easy explanation to what theiraims and objectives are. Marketing Research SEMINAR 4 PART 1:Prepared Material Task 1:Choose ONE qualitative research method and give your reasons in bulletpoint format why you think it would be particularly suitable for researchingpeoples attitudes and behaviour towards one of the research questionsregarding littering you have identified. You shouldclearly and concisely state the research question at the beginning of youranswer. (Lengthexpected for your answer: Between half and one page of A4 double spaced TimesNew Roman 12pt font) Task 2:Collect at least 5 photos, pictures or images that you feel reflect yourthoughts and feelings about the environment in which you live. These may beimages of ANYTHING that sparks a reaction in your environment. There are noright or wrong answers (except anything that might give your fellow studentsoffence, use your common sense about that). For example,people we asked to do in connection with mobile telephones brought in picturesas varied as clocks, comfy sofas, cups of coffee, friends, padlocks and manyothers as well as pictures of phones. Bring thesewith you to the seminar 4. Come prepared to explain why you choose the picturesand even tell about images that came to mind but you did not find. PART TWO: My Reflections fromSeminar 4 We began with ashort comparison within qualitative and quantitative approaches for collectingdata. After each student expressed his or her thoughts for which technique isthe most appropriate to be used, it was generalised by the seminar leader ofthe group that for the purposes of our future project (litter thrown from cars)it is better to use the qualitative techniques. Therefore, by doing so, thedifferent qualitative techniques were expressed out in loud. These included themajor direct and indirect techniques which corresponds with the focus group orobservation techniques. Then, a question was set in the seminar group; whichmethod is more appropriate for us to use for collecting primary data asinexperienced people? After students expressed their opinions, the preferredone was chosen by the seminar leader (method of questionnaire). Inthe second part of the seminar, the group was divided into subgroups of 2persons and we were experienced, at least for most of us, our first realinterview. In particular, each group had an interview (5mins) with each otherbased on some images (prepared material) which represent our feelings andthoughts about the environment we live in. By doing so, back to group, we allshare our information collected by each other and we allocated them intodifferent environmental categories (themes) for example pollution. For me, it wasmy first interview I ever had, it was a great opportunity to get familiar withnon-professional interview and I am really glad that I took part in this. Marketing Research SeminarFIVE: Part One: Prepared Material Evaluate the potential of ONEsampling method from the list below for conducting your research (including itsdrawbacks). Clearly link your evaluation of the chosen method to your research;a simple list of advantages and disadvantages is not sufficient these need tobe related to your research. (LITTER THROWN FROM CARS) Lengthexpected to your answer: between half and one page A4 double spaced Times NewRoman 12 pt font. A classification of samplingtechniques: Non probability Sampling techniques -Convenience Sampling -Judgemental Sampling -Quota Sampling -Snowball Sampling Probability Sampling techniques -Simple Random Sampling -Systematic Sampling -Stratified Sampling -Cluster Sampling PART TWO: MyReflections from Seminar Five (Word limit 200 300 words) In order to get a realistic conclusion to ones findings, the researcherwill need to remind themselves of the research question; the method of surveyto be used in carrying out the research would also need to be evaluated; andthe qualitative methods of approach (a questionnaire) should be finalised. For example, how does the consumer view the product; to what extent isthere a problem? Do people acknowledge that there is a problem? These areissues the researcher needs to address. If needs be extra data will need to begathered, a bit more time would need to be taken, and eventually get to have amore accurate piece of data. In the method of survey, techniques such as face to face could reducecosts to gathering data; a structured and easily read questionnaire needs to beformulated in order to gather a proper description of peoples feelings, andopinions. Whereby, open ended questions need to be avoided in the qualitativemethods of approach. The method of coding could be used to gather theweightings placed by various age groups on the subject matter. For example,Male or female respondents, in which three different age groups can be gatheredmight prove to be a useful starting point. Possible questions to be included in questionnaire such as has therespondent eaten food in a car, in the last 30 days, or do they smoke in theircar? This could prove to be a hitter, with regard to extracting the rightanswer from the respondent. More important would be to be the safety of theresearcher. It would be advisable to carry out such research in the day time.Politeness is the key to getting the attention of potential respondents for thesubject matter. PART TWO: My Reflections fromSeminar Six (Word limit 200 300 words) A more refinedquestion within the context of the questionnaire would be, how often does therespondent eat or drink in the car; whereby, there will be a set of multiplechoice answers, can be deemed as a more appropriate measure of summing upinformation with regard to the subject matter (Littering the streets).Multiple choice answers such as: a.More than once a day b.About once a day c.2-6 times a week d.once a week e.once every 2-3 weeks f.once a month g.less than once a month One must beaware of the fact that (g.) is not possible. However, it is good to have aproper representation of all possible scenarios represented in the questionnaire,so as to have the overall picture summed up. Although, thesafety of the researcher is important, it will be best to carry out theresearch during the day and within the university grounds. Why? With thechoice of a wide variety and greater number of students to choose from, it willgive the researcher the opportunity to gather more accurate answers, other thanapproaching people from the street. As stated previously, it will be advisableto group the respondents into certain age groups. If potential respondents arenot part of the university or not in the age group (18 19, 20 21, and 22 -23) wanted, OR are in an age group which you have already collected theinformation required, then thank them for their time and move on. If otherwise,then the researcher should do vice-versa. Mostimportantly, the researcher should make sure that the respondent fills in thequestionnaire if they meet age and gender requirements. Racial ethics isnot a point of concern here, because the littering of streets could be carriedout by just about anybody. Therefore, it will be advisable to gatherinformation from as wide an audience as they can. Additionally, the age groupsbeing used to carry out this research can be deemed as too narrow a view.Because, as earlier said littering the streets is done by just about anybody.Therefore, it will be advisable to widen the spectrum of the age groups;possibly, 16 to 35 year olds would be more convincing. PART TWO: My Reflections from Seminar Seven (Word limit 200 300 words) Having attendeda different seminar, with a different research topic chewing gums, usingqualitative analysis to open-ended questions, sort of seems to be a moreappropriate research method. With 5 students fully accomplishing the tasksrequired from the questionnaire, from a total of 7; it gives one the impressionthat the research topic is not enticing. The use of post-it notes wasdelegated to the students to use as a means of describing what they have doneon each of the questionnaires answered. Each researcher was told to initialtheir name on each post-it note. Additionally, the gender of the respondent wasrequired on the post-it note. The use of a coding formulae for the answers tothe questions on the questionnaire such as (0 for NO and 1 for a YES answer),can be deemed as adequate for this exercise. Also, a coding formula was usedfor the each age group on the questionnaire. The answers given by therespondents to the questionnaires for each of the open-ended questions are thenwritten in the middle of the post-it. This gives a clearer understanding ofthe answers given in which a comparison of the qualitative methods andquantitative methods are then analyzed. Categorising thepost-it notes according to the answers given by the respondents, is a veryuseful measure to identify any trends. Although, some answers were rathersarcastic, it acts as a useful reminder that the results can provide an eyeopener into other relevant topics, for example, recommendations and sarcasm. The use ofqualitative methods (questionnaire and interviews) other than quantitativemethods can be deemed as more appropriate to this research topic. This isbecause it gives the researcher a hands-on approach to what is actuallyhappening, other than already established data which might prove to beoutdated. PART TWO: My Reflections fromSeminar Eight (Word limit 200 300 words) The use ofmanual coding to analyze data, can act as a useful method in providing the sortof weightings which the researcher would need to identify with when trying toreach conclusions about the subject matter. Using a spreadsheet to give aclearer picture of the weightings on the codes used to analyze the categories ofconstrunts from the questionnaire can prove to be a pedagogical tool indecision making. As stated previously, the age group needs to be widened, soalso the fact whether one has a car or not, does not make a difference withregard to the subject matter, which is Litter discarded on the streets. Theconstructs such as feelings about pollution, health, damage to the environment,denial and blame, a problem or no problem of waste, visual, and individualresponsibility, are good classifications in putting the subject matter intoperspective. However, they need to be widened further to gain an in-depthunderstanding of the subject matter. Additionally,one could use SPSS. This is a statistical software package, which enables theresearcher to carry out data transformation, matrix algebra, macro andscripting facilities. It has excellent data management facilities and highquality graphics. It is applicable to many different research fields, althoughit has particular strengths in the areas of the social sciences, it can bedescribed as one of the most friendliest statistical packages of its kind.

Radical Criminology Essay -- Social Inequality Criminal Justice

Criminal law involves prosecution by the state of a person for an act that has been classified as a crime (Criminal law, 2010). But who gets to decide what acts are criminal? It should be no surprise that the individuals with the most power do. For radical criminologists, the problem arises in capitalist societies because it is in these societies where the means of production are owned privately by a small number of people. Based on the writings of Karl Marx, radical criminologists argue that the state works to serve the interests of the capitalist ruling class and that criminal law is merely an instrument of that class to keep all other classes in a disadvantage position (Young et al.,1973; Quinney, 1980). Named the elites, bourgeois, or the ruling class, these powerful people formulate and shape the content of the law to further their interests and at the same time to exploit the poor and the weak. Criminal law protects the powerful by making it look like the most dangerous types o f crime are committed by the poor and consequently by setting the stage for criminal justice officials to go after and punish perpetrators of street crime more harshly than those who commit white collar or corporate crime. On September 13, 1989, a small Kentucky town experienced a powerful tragic mining â€Å"accident,† or so it seemed. The powerful methane explosion left 10 men dead. A federal investigation revealed that the acting foreman at the mine falsified countless safety reports including those that documented methane levels. The foreman failed to comply with safety and regulatory requirements that ultimately lead to the explosion and deaths of 10 men. Accident? Murder? Mass murder? What does the criminal law say? The foreman received the minimum ... ...4). Echo Burning. ABA Journal . Ross, J. (2009). Cutting the Edge: Current Perspectives in Radical/Critical Criminology and Criminal Justice. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. Shukovsky, P. (2007). The FBI's Terrorism Trade-Off. Retrieved from Seattle Post-Intelligencer: http://www.seattlepi.com/national/311046_fbiterror11.html Siegel, L. (2004). Criminology Theories Patterns & Typologies. New York: Prentice Hall. Sutherland, E. (1940). White-Collar Criminality. American Sociological Review , 1-12. Valentino, S. (2008). White Collar Criminal Defense. Retrieved from Crime USA: http://www.crimeusa.com/White_Collar_Crime.html Young, J., Taylor, I., & Walton, P. (1975). Critical Criminology. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Young, J., Taylor, I., & Walton, P. (1973). The New Criminology: For A Social Theory Of Deviance. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Huella Online Essay

Introduction Huella Online Travel was an Internet travel portal Founded in 1999 in Kuala Lumpua, Malaysia targeting Greater China and Asian Pacific. It expanded into 10 different markets across Asia, including Hong Kong. Huella online travel sells travel related products and services to customers, on behalf of suppliers, such as airlines, car rentals and hotels. Problem Statement Hong Kong consumers have low interest in buying airline tickets online although internet penetration is quite high. Research Objectives Huella‘s Hong Kong site was launched in 2000. Revenue growth in Hong Kong had been less than expected. Huella market share in Hong Kong to be only 4% compared 9% in Singapore. In this regard, we seek to †¢To get a depth insight into Hong Kong online travel market †¢To find rationale behind low usage of online booking of airline tickets in Hong Kong especially people belonging to the age group of 18-35 †¢Perception of Huella brand and its Hong Kong website Research Design The research will be conducted with the help of survey through the feedback of questionnaires from a sample of 300 people (including both male and female) belonging to the age group of 18 to 35 and will be conducted online. The sample will focus students, business executives and leisure travellers. The respondents used to fill the questionnaire will be based on Random Sampling. DATA ANALYSIS The answers of the questions in the questionnaires will be analyzed on the basis of scale which may vary from question to question and is constructed at the time of preparation of the questionnaires. The results will be shown in terms of percentages and the graphical representation of people’s preferences in terms of percentages and ratios. BUDGET The overall cost may range from $ 2,000 to $ 3,000 approximately. SCHEDULE The Research may take Three months, according to the schedule as follow: ïÆ'ËœOne month for the questionnaires to be filled by respondents. ïÆ'ËœOne Month for the Data Analysis. ïÆ'ËœOne Moth for the preparation of Report.

Lwc1 Flashdb

What is the definition of a contract? An agreement between two or more parties for the doing or not doing of something specified. Describe the various types of contracts. 1) Bilateral and Unilateral 2) Express and Implied 3) Executory and Executed What elements does a contract need to be enforceable? 1) Agreement 2) Legality 3) Consideration 4) Capacity What elements would constitute a discharge of a contract? 1) Material breach 2) Minor breach 3) Anticipatory breach 4) Mutual Rescission 5) Accord/Satisfaction What is a bilateral contract? Both parties make a promise. What is a unilateral contract?One party make a promise that the other party can accept only by doing something. ex. I'll give you $10 to mow my lawn. If not mowed no $10. What is an express contract? Two parties state all important terms of their agreement. ex. Where, when, how much, oral or written. What is an implied contract? Words and conduct of the parties indicate that they intended an agreement. What is an execut ory contract? When one or more parties have not fulfilled its obligations. What is an executed contract? When all parties have fulfilled their obligations? If there is a breech of contact, what remedies are available?Injuction – An order forcing someone to do something or refrain from doing something. Expectation Damages / Restitution – $ required to put on party in the position she would have been had the other side performed the contract. Specific Performance – In cases of rare property court ordered to complete the deal. Reformation – Court will rewrite contract. Describe types of acceptable performace of a contract. Strict Performance Substantial Performance What are the Sherman and Clayton Antitrust Acts? Sherman Act of 1890 – first national law to regulate competition.Clayton Act of 1914 clarified the Sherman Act. What are the key provisions of the Sherman and Clayton Antitrust Acts? *Prohibits all agreements that will â€Å"restrain tradeâ €  (Sherman) *Bans â€Å"monopolies† (Sherman) *Prohibits anticompetitive mergers (Clayton) *Tying arrangements (Clayton) *Exclusive dealings (Clayton) *Bans price discrimination – illegal to charge different prices to different purchasers. (Robinson-Pattman Act 1936 an amendment to Clayton -) Describe the variety of aggressive business actions that are illegal and violations of antitrust regulations.Monopolization -possessing a monopoly is not illegal; using bad acts to acquire or maintain one is. Predatory Pricing – lowering prices below cost to drive competitors out. Tying Arrangements – selling products on the condition the buyer purchases a different (or tied) product. Contolling distributors or retailers (Retail price maintenance) How is consumer credit regulated? Through the Truth in Lending Act What government regulations apply to consumer product safety? *Federal food, drug, cosmetic act *Food quality protection act What is the role of the Env ironmental Protection Agency?Monitor and protect the air, water and land polution. . . What requirements were specified by the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914? Unfair or deceptive acts or practices. What is the point at which a legal agreement is said to have occured? intend to contract List the types of breech of contracts. Material Breach Minor Breach Anticipatory Breach Mutual Rescission Accord/Satisfaction What is an express warranty? Seller creates with words or actions that goods meet certain standards. Created three ways: Affirmation of a fact or promise, Description of the goods, or sample or model. What is an implied warranty?Created by UCC code itself, not by an act or statement of the seller. What is a disclaimer? A statement that a particular warranty does not apply. What are the limitations on remedies for breach of warranty and product liability? Limitation of Remedy Clause – Parties may limit or exclude normal remedies permitted. What is negligence? Seller 's conduct unreasonable. Violation of a standard of care set by statute. How does negligence apply to a manufacturer? Negligent Design Negligent Manufacturing Failure to Warn What are the types of warranties? Implied, Express, Implied Warranty of Fitness, Warranty of Merchantiability.What is strict liability? A tort doctrine holding to a very high standard all those who engage in ultrahazardous activities. (ie explosives) OR who manufacture certain products. What are the defenses available to an action for negligence? Contributory Negligence – If the plantiff is even slightly negligent she recovers nothing. Comparative Negligence – Plantiff may generally recover even if she was partially responsible. What are the defenses available or an action for strict liability? None – a defendant engaging in an ultrahazardous activity is virtually always liable for any harm that results.List the remedies available. Compensatory Damages – flow directly from contract. Consequential Damages – result from the unique circumstances of the particular injured party. (Recoverable only if breaching party should have foreseen them). Incidental Damages – Minor costs an injured party incurs responding to a breach. What are the basic provisions of the Sarbanes – Oxley Act? *Created a public company accounting oversight board *Revising auditor independence rules *Revising corporate governance standards *Increasing criminal penalties for violations What are the rights of the shareholders? Right to information – including minute book, accounting records, and shareholder lists. *Right to vote *Right to Dissent *Right to protection from other shareholders. What recourse do sharholders have against corporations if shareholder rights are violated? Derivative Lawsuits – Shareholders sue corporation, but damages go to corporation. *Direct lawsuits *Class Action What are the key provisions of the Securities Act of 1933? Before offeri ng or selling securities, the issuer must register the securities with the SEC, unless the securities qualify for an exemption. What are the disclosure requirements of the Securities Act of 1933?Initial detailed information statement when the company first registers. How did Sarbanes – Oxley change the disclosure requirements of the Securities Act of 1933? Added to the 1934 Securities Act by requiring CEO and CFO to certify that: *The information in the quarterly and annual reports are true. *The company has effective internal controls. *The officers have informed the company's audit committee and it auditors of any concerns that they have about the internal control system. What year did the Sarbanes – Oxley Act pass? 2002 How would you define business ethics? The study of how people ought to act.What is involved in developing an ethical culture in an organization? Managers setting the example and training. What year was the Clean Air Act passed? 1963 What year was the Clean Water Act passed? 1977 What are the alternative dispute resolution techniques? *Arbitration – 3rd neutral party hears both sides and makes a binding decision, possible award, no discovery, no class action, no pulic info of outcome. *Mediation – Neutral party coaxed two disputing parties toward volunatry settlement. No decision made by mediator. *Negotiation – List the types of courts. State Courts = Trial CourtsFederal Courts = Trial Courts and Specialty courts (bankruptcy, tax, etc) Appelate Courts = Describe the National Labor Relations Act of 1935. Also known as Wagner Act. 1) Created NLR Board to enforce labor laws. 2) Prohibits employers from penalizing workers who engage in union activity. 3) Requires employers to bargain â€Å"in good faith† with unions. Descirbe what COBRA is, and when was it passed? Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act passed in 1985. Statute provides that former employees be allowed to continue health insurance for 18 months after leaving their job.Describe what the Fair Labor Standards Act is and when it passed? Regulates wages and limits child labor. Passed in 1938. 1. 5 time paid for overtime. Children under 14 may only work in agricultural and entertainment. 14-15 limited hours after school. 16-17 unlimited hours in non-hazardous. Descirbe what constitutes wrongful discharge under the law. Wrongful discharge prohibits an employer from firing a worker for a bad reason. They fall into three categories. 1) public policy – prohibits employer from firing someone for a reason that violates basic social rights, duties, and responsibilities. ) contract law-written or oral promises made during the hiring process can be enforceable. Employee handbook creates a contract. 3) tort law – defamation; giving a false or unfavorable reference about a former employee, or â€Å"Intentional Infliction of Emotion Distress – employers who condone cruel treatment of their employees face liability under tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress. Explain the responsibilities of OSHA. Holds employers to a workplace â€Å"free from recognized hazards that are causing or likely to cause death or serious injury to employees.Inspects workplaces to insure that they are safe. Describe the main points of the Americans with Disabilites Act of 1990. The ADA prohibits employers from discriminating on the basis of disability as long as she can, with reasonable accomodation, perform the essential functions of the job. An accomodation is not reasonable if it would create undue hardship on the employer. What is liquidated damages clause? A provision in the contract that declares in advance what one party will receive if the other side breaches. What is necessary to prove negligence? Duty of Due Care Breach (defendant breached duty)Factual Cause Forseeable Harm Injury What does the Family and Medical Leave Act guarantee? Both men and women up to 12 weeks unpaid leave eac h year for childbirth, adoption, or medical emergencies for themselves or a family member. When was Social Security instituted and what does it do? Passed during the Great Depression in 1935. Benefits to workers who are retired, disabled, or temporarilly unemployed and to spouses and children of disabled or deceased workers. What is the FUTA? Federal Unemployment Tax Act and is part of the Social Security system. What is the Equal Pay Act and when was it instituted?An employee may not be paid at a lesser rate than an employee of the opposite sex for equal work. Passed in 1963. What is Title VII and what does it prohibit? Passed in 1964. It prohibits employers from discriminating on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. More specifically, 1) discrimination in the workplace 2) sexual harassment 3) discrimination because of pregnancy. What does sexual harassment entail? unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature with two major categories. 1) Quid pro quo (this for that) 2) Hostile work environmentWhat is the EEOC? Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is a federal agency to oversee Title VII cases. They may sue or issue a â€Å"Right to Sue† letter. They also oversee age discrimination cases. What are the remedies to Title VII violations? Hiring, reinstatement, retroactive seniority, back pay, reasonable attorney's fees and damages up to $300,000. What does the Age Discrimination Act prohibit? When was it passed? Prohibits ago discrimination against employees or job applicants who are 40 years or older. Cannot fire, refuse to hire, fail to promote or force to employee to retire. Passed in 1967.What is the Norris-LaGuardia Act? declared that federal courts could not issue an injuction for non-violent labor disputes. What rights does Section 7 of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) guarantee? the right to organize and join unions, bargain collectively through rep resentatives of their own choosing, and egage in other concerted efforts. What does Section 8 of the NLRA guarantee against? Unfair Labor Practices – the employer cannot: *interfere with union organizing efforts. *dominate or interfere with any union. *discriminate against any union member. *refuse to bargain collectively with any union.What are the two main functions of the NLRA Board appointed by the President? *Representation – the board decided whether a particular union is entitled to represent a group of employees. *Unfair Labor Practices – adjudicates claim by either the employer or workers the the other side has committed a ULP. What is the Taft-Hartley Act? Also called the Labor Management Relations Act. A statue that ammended section 8 of the NLRA to outlaw certain ULP by unions. *interfer with employees who are exercising their right under 7. * to encourage an employer to discriminate against a particular employee because of a union dispute. refuse to bargain collectively. * to engage in an illegal strike or boycott, especially secondary boycotts. (secondary boycott is picketting innocent companies to coherce them to stop doing business with an employer) What is the Landrum-Griffin Act? Also called the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (LMRDA) requires union leadership to make certain financial disclosures and guarantees free speech and fair elections within a union. What does Section 9 of the NLRA offer? Exclusivity – a valid recognized union is the EXCLUSIVE representative of the employees. What steps are needed to organize a union?Campaign – rally employees to form a union. Authorization Cards – signed card by employee giving union exclusity. Recognition – union asks employer to recognize it as the bargaining unit. Petition – union petitions NLRB for an election if 30% of workers are unified. Election – NLRB supervises election. What is a CBA? Collective Bargaining Agreeme nt. What is UPA Uniform Partnership Act passed 1914. At what point is a partnership formed? The association of two or more person to carry on as co-owners a business for profit forms a partnership, whether or not the persons intend to form a partnership.What factors create â€Å"co-owners of a business for profit†? *Must share profits *Share in management of business *(optional) Share in losses *(optional) referring to yourselves as partners *Charitable business are not partnerships When does Partnership by Estoppel apply? *they allow others to call them partners * a third party relies on assertion * a third party suffers harm What agency does a â€Å"partner† in a partnership hold? *Actual authority – authorized acts * Implied authority – act resonably necessary *Apparent authority – unauthorized acts Which partner is responsible for paying the debt of the partnership?ALL – all partners are PERSONALLY liable for all debts of the partnership . (Yes, that means the house is at risk. ) What is the liability of an incoming partner? A partner is personally liable only for obligations the partnership incurred while he was a partner. His liability for debts incurred before he became a partner is limited to his investment in the partnership. What are the two categories antitrust is divided into? per se – violations are automatic (no on was hurt is not a defense criminal and civil damages) rule of reason – only if anticompetitive impactName the three types of potentially illegal cooperative business strategies. Horizontal Agreements among competitors. (Levis and Wranglers) Vertical Agreements between participates of different stages of production (Levis and Macys) Mergers and Joint Ventures among competitors. What is market division? An effort by a group of competitors to divide it market is a per se violation of the Sherman Act. What is the FTC? Federal Trade Commission created in 1915. What options does the FTC have to enforce the law? Voluntary Compliance Administrative Hearing and Appeals PenaltiesWhat sales practices does the FTC oversee? Bait & Switch Mail/Phone Order Merchandise Telemarketing Unordered Merchandise Door to Door Sales Consumer Credit What is the â€Å"Truth in Lending Act†? Requires lenders to disclose the terms of the loan in an understandable and complete manner. Truth in Lending Act (TILA) applies only if . . . *It is a consumer loan *The loan has a finance charge or will be paid in more than four installments. *The loan is for less than $25,000, or to secure a mortgage on real estate *The loan is made by someone in the business of offering credit What is the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act?The act requires any supplier that offers a written warranty on a consumer product that cost more than $15 to disclose the terms of the warranty in simple, understandable language before the sale. What does the Consumer Product Safety Act of 1972 protect? Created to prevent inju ries from consumer products. Instituted the Consumer Product Safety Commission to evaluate consumer products and develop safety standards. The FTC deems a practice unfair if it meets three tests. What are these tests? 1) It causes substantial consumer injury. 2) The harm of the injury outweights any countervailing benefit. ) The consumer could not reasonably avoid the injury. What is the EPA? What is the EPA's primary function? Evironmental Protection Agency. Created in 1970. When Congress passes a new environmental law, the EPA issues regulations to implement it. What is the Clean Air Act? When was it passed? The Clean Air Act of 1970 has four provisions: 1) Primary Standards (National Ambient Air Quality Standards, NAAQS) – pollution that harms public health. 2) Secondary Standards – pollution that may not threaten health BUT has unpleasant effects, low visibility, harmful to plants or other materials. ) State Implimentation Plans (SIPs) States offered plans for brin ging areas into compliance within a reasonable amount of time. 4) Citizen Suits – citizens can file against a polluter or the EPA for failing to enforce statute. What is the Clean Water Act? When was it passed? Passed in 1972 with two goals: 1) to make all navigable water suitable for swimming and fishing by 1983 2) to eliminate the discharge of pollutants into navigable waters by 1985. What does the Safe Drinking Water Act require? When was it passed? Passed 1974. Requires: 1) EPA to set national standards ) enforcement left to states with provisions for EPA to enforce if needed. 3) Prohibits use of lead in any water pipes. 4) Requires community water systems to send annual water report to every customer. What two statutes regulate waste? The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) – regulates the production and disposal of solid waste. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund) – focuses on cleaning up existing hazardous waste sites. What does EPA oversee? Air Water Waste Chemicals – shared with other agencies (FDA, OSHA, and NRC)Natural Resources What act was passed to regulate the air? Clean Air Act What acts were passed to regulate water? *Clean Water Act *Safe Drinking Water Act *Ocean Dumping Act *Oil Pollution Act What acts were passed to regulate chemicals? *Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act *Federal Food, Drug, Cosmetic Act *Food Quality Protection Act *Toxic Substances Control Act What acts were passed to regulate natural resources? *National Environmental Policy Act *Endangered Species Act What are common types of antitrust violations? Cooperative Strategies Aggressive Strategies Define ethics. The study and philosophy of human conduct, with an emphasis on determining right and wrong. *Moral philosophy *The principles, values, and standards that guide behavior in the world of business. What are the changes made to the 1933 Securities Act in 1934 ? *still must file initial info statement (like 1933) *Annual reports with audited financials, analysis of company's performance, info about officers and directors. *Unaudited quarterly reports *Report any significant developments, bankruptcy, change in control, purchase or sale of significant assets, resignation of a director as a result of policy dispute, change in auditing firms.